Hepatitis a in urban Ireland

Rajan, Elizabeth; O’Farrell, Brendan; Ag, Shattock; Jf, Fielding

doi:10.1007/bf02937419

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Rajaratnam et al (1992) and Leoni et al (1998) revealed that the school toilets were the source of transmission of HAV infection. In this study we observed a higher prevalence of anti-HAV antibodies in children at lower socioeconomic status, as also reported by Rajan et al (1998) and Riedemann et al (1998). Although they have reported to have sewage disposal and water supply system, we can not affirm that these children live in homes with adequate conditions of hygiene.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Hepatitis A Outbreak in a Public School in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Villar

Costa²,

Paula

et al. 2002

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Hepatitis A Outbreak in a Public School in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Villar

Costa²,

Paula

et al. 2002

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Susceptibility to hepatitis A infection among this PLWH cohort is lower than what has been previously described (33%) in the general Irish population ( 26 ). Hepatitis A IgG seronegativity was significantly less likely to be seen in older attendees and those whose HIV acquisition status was PWID, possibly due to prior vaccination though exposure to infection is also a possibility.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Changing demographics and immunity to vaccine preventable diseases in people with HIV in Ireland

Kerr

Kelleher

Coughlan³

et al. 2022

BMC Infect Dis

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Background HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable infections. This research describes, in the context of changing patient demographics, the seroprevalence of vaccine preventable viral infections among attendees of the largest centre for HIV positive patients in Ireland. Methods Baseline serum IgG results for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella zoster virus (VZV) & hepatitis A, as well as hepatitis B sAg, cAb and sAb results, were retrieved for 2534 clinic attendees attending in 2018. Results were available for between 990 and 2363 attendees (39–93%), depending on the test, and were compared with 2013 clinic data. Results There was a 35% increase in attendees in 2018 when compared to 2013. The largest increase was in attendees of South American origin. In 2018, males accounted for 73% of the entire cohort and the HIV acquisition risk for 48% of attendees was MSM. 47% of attendees were originally from Ireland. Among those tested, 33% were susceptible to at least one component of the MMR vaccine. 5% were VZV non-immune (significantly associated with younger age and the acquisition risk status of injection drug use). 21% were hepatitis A non-immune (significantly associated with younger age and being of European or South American origin). 32% were hepatitis B cAb seropositive (significantly associated with older age, injection drug use status and being originally from Africa). 3% demonstrated hepatitis B sAg positivity. 64% had hepatitis B sAb ≥ 10mIU. Conclusion In a cohort of attendees to an HIV clinic in a large urban setting, the susceptibility to several common vaccine preventable viral infections, in particular MMR and hepatitis A and B, was high. These results highlight the importance of proactive screening and immunisation to help protect this high risk patient group against vaccine preventable diseases.

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“…In the Czech Republic and Slovenia only about half of adults have been infected by age 40 [117,176]. In the late 1980s in Leningrad (now St Petersburg), Russia, >50 % of age 35+ Czech Republic [117] 4 % in age <20 ; 50 % in ages 40-49; >85 % in age 60+ Denmark [151] <10 % of ages 15-34; 50 % of ages 50-69 Finland [184] <10 % of ages 20-29 France [133] 29 % in ages 20-29; >90 % by age 60 Germany [182] 14 % in ages 18-29; 64 % in ages 50-59 Greece [146,152] <10 % of children; >90 % by age 45 Hungary [165] <20 % in children; >50 % by age 40 Iceland [122] <5 % of ages 10-50 Ireland [168,170] 19 % of ages 5-14; >90 % of age 45+ Italy [160,190] <10 % in young adults ; >90 % by age 50 Netherlands [181] <10 % in young adults ; 50 % by age 45 Norway [175] <10 % in adults ages 20-40 Poland [127,166] <10 % in children; >75 % by age 40 Portugal [116] 21 % of ages 6-7 ; 38 % of ages 18-19 Romania [161] >50 % of ages 5-9 ; >90 % by age 30 Russia [174] >50 % by age 20 San Marino [179] 29 % of ages 20-30; >90 % by age 40 Spain [129] 25 % of ages 13-19; 55 % of ages 20-29; >90 % by age 30 Sweden [121] 2 % in adults ages 20-50 United Kingdom [139,159] 9 % in ages 1-9 ; >60 % in ages 50-59…”

Section: The Americasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In England the rate has fallen from the late 1970s [131] to the mid-1980s [139] to the mid-1990s [118,159]. No decline was seen in Ireland [168,170]. Rates in Germany have declined [137,182], but significant differences are still seen between East and West Germans [182].…”

Section: The Americasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Declining hepatitis A seroprevalence: a global review and analysis

2004

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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is spread by faecal-oral contact or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Lifelong immunity is conferred by infection or vaccination, so anti-HAV seroprevalence studies can be used to indicate which populations are susceptible to infection. Seroprevalence rates are highly correlated with socioeconomic status and access to clean water and sanitation. Increasing household income, education, water quality and quantity, sanitation, and hygiene leads to decreases in HAV prevalence. Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, and most European nations have low anti-HAV rates. Although anti-HAV rates remain high in most Latin American, Asian, and Middle Eastern nations, average seroprevalence rates are declining. Surveys from Africa generally indicate no significant decline in anti-HAV rates. Because the severity of illness increases with age, populations with a high proportion of susceptible adults should consider targeted vaccination programmes.

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Hepatitis a in urban Ireland

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Hepatitis A Outbreak in a Public School in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Hepatitis A Outbreak in a Public School in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Changing demographics and immunity to vaccine preventable diseases in people with HIV in Ireland

Declining hepatitis A seroprevalence: a global review and analysis

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