A series of Mn2x
In2(1–x)S3 (x < 0.5) nanoflower
solid solutions (NSS) were synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal
method using l-cysteine as S source and chelating reagent.
The Mn2x
In2(1–x)S3 NSS exhibit excellent hydrogen evolution performance
compared with pure In2S3. In particular, the
Mn0.4In1.6S3 nanoflower solid solution
exhibits the best photocatalytic activity with a hydrogen evolution
rate of up to 3570 μmol/(g h) under visible-light irradiation
even without any noble metal or cocatalysts, which is about 22 times
as high as the pure In2S3 dose, and it shows
a favorable stability in catalytic and antiphotocorrosion properties.
The apparent quantum efficiency of Mn0.4In1.6S3 NSS was 12.9% at 420 nm. The excellent photoactivity
of Mn0. 4In1.6S3 NSS is mainly
related to faster separation of photogenerated electron–hole
pairs and the band-gap structures. Additionally, the Mn0.4In1.6S3 NSS possesses another active site of
Mn for hydrogen evolution compared with pure In2S3, and density functional theory (DFT) simulations for the H binding
free energy on active site (ΔG
H*
) are performed to gain the fundamental insight into
the role of Mn in Mn0. 4In1.6S3 NSS. Furthermore, because of the Mn active site, the Mn0.4In1.6S3 NSS has a very appealing ΔG
H*
of 0.74 eV, which is closer
to zero than In as active sites in both Mn0.4In1.6S3 NSS (−3.83 eV) and pure In2S3 (−4.29 eV). The DFT-based first-principles calculations
clearly shows that hydrogen adsorbed at different reaction sites with
Mn and In have distinctly different free energies which further impact
on hydrogen evolution performance. The research lights a new insight
for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, thus broadening routes for
designing photocatalytic materials with multiple reaction sites for
enhanced photocatalysis.