High activity of acid-treated quail eggshell catalysts in the transesterification of palm oil with methanol

Issues concerning the use of renewable Ca-based solids as transesterification catalysts

“…These results differ from previous works in the literature that used CaO from hen and quail eggshells [18]. In that work the authors reported a greater catalytic activity of CaO catalysts obtained from quail eggshells compared to that of hen eggshells.…”

“…The authors attributed those results to different textural properties encountered between both solids after subjecting the precursor to an acid treatment in order to eliminate the internal layer from the eggshells (cuticle). Perhaps the acid treatment conducted, which was not done in the present work, could have caused the differences in the textural properties reported there [18].…”

Biodiesel production based on heterogeneous process catalyzed by solid waste coral fragment

“…Moreover, using natural calcium sources as raw materials for generating CaO could eliminate the wastes and at the same time produce a catalyst with high cost effectiveness [15]. CaO powder prepared from several natural calcium wastes has been used in transesterification of oils excluding coral [15][16][17][18]. Waste coral fragments are a natural calcium source and is a highly porous material.…”

Preparation and characterization of a strong solid base from waste eggshell for biodiesel production

“…However, few papers 17 have been reported to prepare solid base catalyst using the waste 18 eggshell [4]. 19 For the increasing price of petroleum and the environmental 20 concerns, recyclable and environmental benign energy sources 21 have been widely developed all over the world, in which biodiesel 22 is one of the most promising fuel substitute in the future. As 23 reported, biodiesel has already been commercially produced from 24 renewable resources such as soybean oil by transesterification 25 reaction using homogeneous strong bases or acids as catalysts 26 [5][6][7].…”