High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Subgenotypes Identified in Malaysian HIV/AIDS Individuals Targeting gp60 Gene

Abstract

BackgroundCurrently, there is a lack of vital information in the genetic makeup of Cryptosporidium especially in developing countries. The present study aimed at determining the genotypes and subgenotypes of Cryptosporidium in hospitalized Malaysian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients.Methodology/Principal FindingsIn this study, 346 faecal samples collected from Malaysian HIV positive patients were genetically analysed via PCR targeting the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Eighteen (5.2% of 346) isolates were determined as Cryptosporidium positive with 72.2% (of 18) identified as Cryptosporidium parvum whilst 27.7% as Cryptosporidium hominis. Further gp60 analysis revealed C. parvum belonging to subgenotypes IIaA13G1R1 (2 isolates), IIaA13G2R1 (2 isolates), IIaA14G2R1 (3 isolates), IIaA15G2R1 (5 isolates) and IIdA15G1R1 (1 isolate). C. hominis was represented by subgenotypes IaA14R1 (2 isolates), IaA18R1 (1 isolate) and IbA10G2R2 (2 isolates).Conclusions/SignificanceThese findings highlighted the presence of high diversity of Cryptosporidium subgenotypes among Malaysian HIV infected individuals. The predominance of the C. parvum subgenotypes signified the possibility of zoonotic as well as anthroponotic transmissions of cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected individuals.

Human Cryptosporidiosis Caused by Cryptosporidium tyzzeri and C. parvum Isolates Presumably Transmitted from Wild Mice

“…The C. parvum IIaA13G1R1subtype detected in this study was previously reported in immunocompetent humans, HIV/AIDS patients, and domestic animals in Malaysia (4). A single case of human cryptosporidiosis caused by C. tyzzeri (incorrectly reported as the C. parvum IIf family, A6 subtype) was reported previously in a Kuwaiti child (5); however, the source of the infection was not identified.…”

Cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIdA15G1 at a dairy farm in Northwestern China

“…Previously, the C. parvum subtype IIdA15G1 has been detected in cattle, sheep and goats in Iran, Malaysia, and Spain [34][35][36][37]. It has also been found in humans from the Netherlands, Australia, Iran, Malaysia, and India [37][38][39][40][41]. The IIdA15G1 subtype identified in this study was unlikely to have arrived via Uruguay or the United States because the C. parvum IId subtype family has never been found in the Americas [13].…”

First molecular investigation ofCryptosporidiumspp. in young calves in Algeria

“…This uncommon subtype has been found in calves in Turkey [25], Canada [26], Belgium [12], and the Netherlands [28], and in people with HIV/AIDS in Malaysia [16] and in the United States [28]. …”