High efficiency DOEs at large diffraction angles for quantum information and computing architectures

Cruz-Cabrera, Alvaro Augusto; Kemme, Shanalyn A.; Wendt, Joel R.; Kielpinski, David; Streed, Erik; Carter, T. R.; Samora, S.

doi:10.1117/12.702133

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…This is in agreement with our previous estimate for this PFL of 4.6% [4]. Switching to a multilevel/blazed PFL groove structure would likely at least double the diffraction efficiency [7] and push the collection efficiency near 10%.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Imaging trapped ions with an integrated microfabricated optic

Streed¹,

Norton²,

Weinhold³

et al. 2011

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Imaging trapped ions with an integrated microfabricated optic

Streed¹,

Norton²,

Weinhold³

et al. 2011

AIP Conference Proceedings

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“…The demonstrated collection efficiency and image contrast are competitive with other trapped-ion QIP experiments and suitable for large-scale QIP. Further improvements of the PFL to 28% solid angle coverage 23 and 80% diffraction efficiency 24 would increase the collection efficiency to 22%, more than double that recently reported with bulk optics 16 . Light-induced charging can affect trapping of ions near a dielectric surface 31 , but the distance to the surface can be made as small as 80 µm, 22 so that lenses only 500 µm in diameter give 28% solid angle coverage.…”

Section: Quantum Computationmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Such arrays have been used for nanolithography 23 to obtain diffraction-limited performance at 28% solid angle coverage (NA= 0.9). While PFLs, being diffractive optics, have sub-unit efficiency, diffraction efficiencies of 60%-80% at high NA are achievable with minimal additional fabrication complexity 24 .…”

Section: Quantum Computationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging of Trapped Ions with a Microfabricated Optic for Quantum Information Processing

et al. 2011

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Trapped ions are a leading system for realizing quantum information processing (QIP). Most of the technologies required for implementing large-scale trapped-ion QIP have been demonstrated, with one key exception: a massively parallel ion-photon interconnect. Arrays of microfabricated phase Fresnel lenses (PFL) are a promising interconnect solution that is readily integrated with ion trap arrays for large-scale QIP. Here we show the first imaging of trapped ions with a microfabricated in-vacuum PFL, demonstrating performance suitable for scalable QIP. A single ion fluorescence collection efficiency of 4.2 ± 1.5% was observed, in agreement with the previously measured optical performance of the PFL. The contrast ratio between the ion signal and the background scatter was 23 ± 4. The depth of focus for the imaging system was 19.4 ± 2.4 µm and the field of view was 140 ± 20 µm. Our approach also provides an integrated solution for high-efficiency optical coupling in neutral atom and solid state QIP architectures. Quantum computation1,2 and communication 3 offer revolutionary solutions to challenging problems in information technology. Trapped ions are a leading system for demonstrating quantum information processing (QIP), with all basic operations 4-7 demonstrating excellent performance and a clear roadmap 8,9 to large-scale implementations. Recent experiments 10,11 have demonstrated most of the technologies required by the largescale roadmap. A key exception to this is a high efficiency ion-photon optical interconnect compatible with scaling to a massively parallel architecture. As we have previously proposed, microfabricated arrays of phase Fresnel lenses (PFLs) satisfy these criteria and are a promising solution to this problem 12 . Optical interactions are crucial to trapped-ion QIP, driving initialisation, high-speed gate operations, readout, and remote communications. A wide variety of approaches are being pursued to efficiently couple between light and individual trapped ions. These include conventional bulk optics 7,13-17 , high finesse cavities 18-20 , microfabricated mirrors 21 , and multimode optical fibers 22 . Highly parallel efficient coupling with conventional optics or high finesse cavities is challenging because of fabrication and alignment tolerances. Micromirrors and multimode fibers can efficiently collect sufficient light but suffer from poor single-mode coupling. In contrast, phase Fresnel lenses provide diffraction-limited high-NA coupling and can be microfabricated in large arrays on a single surface 23 . Fig. 1a illustrates the proposed integration 12 of PFL arrays with a scalable trappedion QIP architecture 8 . Such arrays have been used for nanolithography 23 to obtain diffraction-limited performance at 28% solid angle coverage (NA= 0.9). While PFLs, being diffractive optics, have sub-unit efficiency, diffraction efficiencies of 60%-80% at high NA are achievable with minimal additional fabrication complexity 24 .We demonstrate the principal step towards integrating PFL arrays with ion tr...

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“…For capturing photons in the most favorable conditions ( σ ± from a polar perspective, or π from an equatorial perspective) the coherent coupling of the characterized PFL is p coh ≥ 0.64%, given diffraction-limited performance at the effective divergence angle θ e = 246 mrad and the measured 30% focusing efficiency. A higher-efficiency blazed PFL [13] would at least double this to p coh ≥ 1.3%. The actual p coh may be higher than this estimate as the optimum tradeoff between lower M 2 and greater aperture will be determinedin situ.…”

Section: Coupling Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…PFLs offer design flexibility for mode matching between a specific emission pattern and a single optical spatial mode (TEM 00 ), maximizing the coherent coupling. While the diffraction efficiency of a high-NA multilevel PFL was previously thought to be limited to 20% at deflection angles near 45 • , recent vector diffraction modeling of PFLs [13] shows efficiencies of 63% could be obtained in this regime with a modified groove structure. The modeling also indicates that coating PFLs with a 20 nm layer of indium tin oxide, sufficient to reduce the surface sheet resistance to 1kΩ/square [14], would reduce the diffraction efficiency by only 12%, mostly from absorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Scalable, efficient ion-photon coupling with phase Fresnel lenses for large-scale quantum computing

Streed¹,

Norton²,

Chapman³

et al. 2009

QIC

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Efficient ion-photon coupling is an important component for large-scale ion-trap quantum computing. We propose that arrays of phase Fresnel lenses (PFLs) are a favorable optical coupling technology to match with multi-zone ion traps. Both are scalable technologies based on conventional micro-fabrication techniques. The large numerical apertures (NAs) possible with PFLs can reduce the readout time for ion qubits. PFLs also provide good coherent ion-photon coupling by matching a large fraction of an ion's emission pattern to a single optical propagation mode (TEM$_{00}$). To this end we have optically characterized a large numerical aperture phase Fresnel lens (NA=0.64) designed for use at 369.5 nm, the principal fluorescence detection transition for Yb$^+$ ions. A diffraction-limited spot $w_0=350\pm15$ nm ($1/e^2$ waist) with mode quality $M^2= 1.08\pm0.05$ was measured with this PFL. From this we estimate the minimum expected free space coherent ion-photon coupling to be 0.64\%, which is twice the best previous experimental measurement using a conventional multi-element lens. We also evaluate two techniques for improving the entanglement fidelity between the ion state and photon polarization with large numerical aperture lenses.

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High efficiency DOEs at large diffraction angles for quantum information and computing architectures

Cited by 7 publications

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Imaging trapped ions with an integrated microfabricated optic

Imaging trapped ions with an integrated microfabricated optic

Imaging of Trapped Ions with a Microfabricated Optic for Quantum Information Processing

Scalable, efficient ion-photon coupling with phase Fresnel lenses for large-scale quantum computing

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