High-performance programmable grounded resistor and its applications

Abstract

Programmable resistor and analog computational circuits are essential for many applications such as analog signal processing units, automatic gain control, neural, fuzzy and instrumentation systems. A high-performance programmable grounded resistor (PGR) using complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology is proposed in this paper. A highly linear CMOS resistor with equivalent resistance ranging from 9.4 to 1.5 k is obtained by cancelling the nonlinear term present in the current equation of an MOSFET working in the linear region. The proposed resistor operates on both positive as well as negative input voltage. The inherited features of PGR are simplicity, extensive control voltage range, wider bandwidth and low-power dissipation. Additionally, analog computational units such as multiplier, squarer and divider are also discussed as applications of the PGR. All circuits are implemented and simulated using TSMC 0.13 µm CMOS technology in SPICE. ARTICLE HISTORY

Wide‐range current‐controlled grounded resistor realization: A new application of the CMOS translinear elements

“…Besides the very wide range of the resistance realized, the circuit also exhibits high linearity, wide operating frequency range, and capability of operating with low supply voltage and low power consumption, resulting in performance that is even better than the BJT‐based CCGRs such as the ones presented in previous works 16,17 . On the other hand, the CMOS‐based VCGRs 2–14 and CCGR 15 have higher input voltage range but have a restricted tunable range of resistances as compared to the BJT‐based CCGRs 16,17 …”

“…These resistors demand a large area and have accuracy and tunability restrictions 1 . To circumvent these difficulties and to enable the realization of electronically‐variable resistors on the chip, several voltage/current‐controlled grounded resistors implemented using BJTs, MOSFETs and floating gate MOSFET (FGMOS) have been reported in the past few decades, for instance, see literature 2–17 1…”

“…Electronically‐variable grounded resistors implemented in bipolar technology using BJTs, as in previous studies, 16,17 offer a wide dynamic range and good frequency performance but consume high power. Since CMOS technology is more widely recognized technology for system‐on‐chip implementation due to its ease of fabrication, less power consumption and lower fabrication cost, a number of CMOS‐based voltage‐controlled grounded resistors (VCGRs) 2–14 and current‐controlled grounded resistors (CCGRs) 15 have also evolved. The CMOS‐based VCGRs 2–14 generally offer good linearity but have a restricted operational frequency range along with the tunable range of resistances being restricted by the supply voltage.…”

“…Since CMOS technology is more widely recognized technology for system‐on‐chip implementation due to its ease of fabrication, less power consumption and lower fabrication cost, a number of CMOS‐based voltage‐controlled grounded resistors (VCGRs) 2–14 and current‐controlled grounded resistors (CCGRs) 15 have also evolved. The CMOS‐based VCGRs 2–14 generally offer good linearity but have a restricted operational frequency range along with the tunable range of resistances being restricted by the supply voltage. On the other hand, CMOS‐based CCGRs 15,19 exhibit good frequency response, consume less power and offer a somewhat wider tunable range as compared to the CMOS‐based VCGRs.…”