High Proportion of Vitamin D Deficiency in Male Adolescents in Yogyakarta Indonesia

Abstract

Deficiency of vitamin D in the world is high. Vitamin D deficiency has numerous negative effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of vitamin D deficiency in male adolescents in Yogyakarta Indonesia. This research is a cross-sectional study. The height, weight, physical activity, lipid profile laboratory data and vitamin D levels of subjects were recorded in the study. Body mass index (BMI) is calculated as body weight divided by height. Moderate exercise in physical is determined as enough activity for 150 minutes in week for moderate exercise and 75 minutes in week for strenuous exercise. Dyslipidaemia is diagnosed as an abnormal lipid level of three criteria: Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) ≥140 mg/dl, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) <40 mg/dl, and triglyceride ≥150 mg/dl.Vitamin deficiency was determined using the enzymes linked immunoassay method by measuring the activity of 25hydroxy vitamin D using serum samples of subjects. A total of 60 male adolescents aged 19-25 years participated in the study. A total of 30 subjects (50%) had obesity with an average BMI of 29.65 kg/m2. A total of 38 subjects had increased dyslipidaemia, with the highest proportion having low HDL (15%). A total of 39 subjects (65%) had had sufficient physical activity. The proportion of vitamin D deficiency was experienced by 26 subjects (43.3%) while the proportion of vitamin D insufficiency was experienced by 31 subjects (51.7%). Statistical analysis showed there was no correlation between the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency and obesity, dyslipidaemia and physical activity (Χ 2 = 0.778, p = 0.6779; Χ 2 = 1.8, p = 0.4065; Χ 2 = 0.087, p = 0.575). Proportion of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was quite high among male adolescents but not related to physical activity. Interventions are needed to treat conditions of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency.

Vitamin D and Diagnostic Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer in Indonesian Population: A Cross-sectional Study

“…In the study from Judistiani et al in 2019, it was shown that of 203 pregnant women at the Gynecology Polyclinic, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, West Java, also suffered from deficient levels of vitamin D at a rate as high as 75% [24]. In the study from Arjana et al in 2021, in the group of adolescents in Yogyakarta, as many as 26 (43.3%) people showed a deficient level of Vitamin D, and 31 (51.7%) people showed an insufficient level of Vitamin D [25].…”

25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations negatively correlated with HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a cross-sectional study in Mampang, South Jakarta

“…Sharan and team [11] on women and men aged 55-65 years. In North Sumatra, however, Keumala [14] found that 95% of adult women had vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. Arjana's team [15] in Yogyakarta found that in adult males aged 19-25 years, the proportion of deficiency of vitamin D was 43.3%, Mahmodnia's team [20] reported a strong positive correlation of vitamin D and age.…”

“…The average vitamin D intake recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) for females and males aged 18-70 years is 15 μg/day[19]. Vitamin D-containing foods are among others egg yolk, salmon, mackerel, tuna, meat, mushrooms, cod liver oil, and fortified foods[14,19]. According to the study of Masood and Iqbal, as cited by Keumala et al[14] the inability to buy vitamin D-containing foods results in the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency.…”

Vitamin D levels of obesity and non-obesity health workers: a cross-sectional study in Dr. Sardjito General Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta

“…27 Another study conducted on men in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, also showed that the proportion of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency was relatively high but was not significantly associated with obesity, lipid profile, and physical activity. 11 Several studies have found low 25(OH)D levels in women with high body fatness and normal and low body fatness subjects. 27,28 This shows that several other factors, apart from body fat composition, can cause subjects with high or normal body fat to experience vitamin D deficiency.…”

“…8,9 Vitamin D deficiency often occurs not only in countries with four seasons with limited sun exposure, but currently, vitamin D deficiency is also reported to occur in tropical countries with excellent, year-round sun exposure, including Indonesia. [10][11][12] Based on the literature search, no study has examined the comparison of vitamin D levels in obese and non-obese subjects in Indonesia's population of health workers. Vitamin D deficiency in health workers increases the risk of being infected with COVID-19, so they need special attention.…”