“…In Ma et al, 23 multiple moving arrays are used to intercept static emitter signals, ignoring TDOA, and a moving multi-station direct positioning method based only on AOA and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) is proposed. In Wu et al’s study, 24 a direct positioning method is proposed, which fully combines the noise subspace and signal subspace; therefore, the positioning accuracy of the algorithm is better than that of minimum variance distortion-less response (MVDR) or multiple signal classification (MUSIC) spectrum. In Li et al’s study, 25 the SDF direct positioning method is improved, and two weighted DPD methods are proposed to improve the positioning accuracy.…”