High-sensitivity X-ray detectors based on solution-grown caesium lead bromide single crystals

Zhang, Hongjian; Wang, Fangbao; Lu, Yuquan; Sun, Qihao; Ye, Xu; Zhang, Bin-Bin; Wang, Jie; Kanatzidis, Mercouri G.

doi:10.1039/c9tc05490a

Cited by 137 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…[ 23,24 ] Since then, X‐ray detection using many Pb‐based perovskites has been demonstrated. [ 25–40 ] To replace the toxic Pb, X‐ray detectors employing (C 8 H 17 NH 3 ) 2 SnBr 4 , [ 41 ] Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 , [ 42–45 ] Cs 3 Bi 2 I 9 , [ 46–48 ] (NH 4 ) 3 Bi 2 I 9 , [ 49 ] (BA) 2 CsAgBiBr 7 , [ 50 ] and Cs 2 TeI 6 [ 51 ] have been reported to demonstrate good sensitivity, and most of them significantly outperform the commercial α‐Se X‐ray detectors. However, some problems such as high‐temperature preparation, a large number of crystal defects, poor uniformity, low resistivity, and high leakage current, serious ion migration and instability are still serious enough to hamper their application in devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Lead‐Free Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance Coplanar X‐Ray Imaging Applications

Liu

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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The capability to detect radiation signal like X-rays and gamma-rays has been improved dramatically in recent years. [1,2] X-ray detection is very important because of its wide range of applications in medical imaging, industrial monitoring, national security, environmental protection and remediation, and science research. In particular, flat-panel X-ray detector array is now playing an important role in in modern medical, security verification, and industrial production. [3,4] Among the materials developed for X-ray detectors, amorphous selenium (a-Se) becomes the most classic semiconductor material for direct X-ray detection (X-rays directly convert into current signals), and it is suitable for X-ray imaging because of its easy deposition process on large-scale flat-panel digital readout circuits. [5,6] Unfortunately, the conversion efficiency of a-Se is limited due to its low X-ray absorbance, caused by its low atomic number (Z = 34), accompanied by small carrier mobility and lifetime product (μτ) value of ≈10 −7 cm 2 V −1 , which leads to its very low sensitivity (440 μC Gy air −1 cm −2) even under high operating electric field (15 000 V mm −1). [7] In addition to the a-Se, many other traditional semiconductors, such as Si, [8,9] TlBr, [10,11] PbI 2 , [12,13] Ge, [14,15] HgI 2 , [16,17] CdZnTe, [18,19] and PbO, [20,21] have been well studied, and among of them, especially CdZnTe, has shown potential applications in commercial X-ray detectors. However, most of these materials either possess very high dark current and low sensitivity, or suffer from needing high-temperature (exceeding 500 °C) and complex growth equipment, let alone their high toxicity (cadmium (Cd), thallium (Tl), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg)). Accordingly, there are still some difficulties in preparing a large area X-ray absorber layer with excellent uniformity at low temperature, limiting their application to mammography. Therefore, recently, low-temperature, solution-synthesized 60 μm thick polycrystalline methylammonium lead iodide CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (MAPbI 3) perovskite films have been prepared to detect 8 keV low energy X-rays with high sensitivity, and X-ray imaging was demonstrated on a photovoltaic device. [22] Later, Huang's group achieved sensitive X-ray imaging by integrating MAPbBr 3 single crystals (SCs) on a silicon substrate. [23,24] Since then, X-ray detection using many Pb-based perovskites Lead-based (Pb) perovskite recently emerged as a promising photoelectric material for direct ionization radiation detection with outstanding performance. Unfortunately, its application is limited due to its toxicity caused by high Pb content, serious ion migration, poor crystallite quality, unsatisfactory reproducibility, high resistivity, and large fluctuation of electronic properties. Herein, a better substitute of lead-free inch-sized (34.3 mm × 34.3 mm × 13.1 mm) high-quality halide (CH 3 NH 3) 3 Bi 2 I 9 single crystal (MA 3 Bi 2 I 9 SC) is presented with higher resistivity, lower ion migration, and better stability. The coplanar detector ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Lead‐Free Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance Coplanar X‐Ray Imaging Applications

Liu

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Recently, lead-halide perovskites emerged as an auspicious novel materials family for X-and gamma-ray detection. [17][18][19] Their success can be attributed to strong absorption of ionizing radiation due to presence of heavy atoms (Pb, I, and Br), high charge carrier mobilities, long exciton diffusion, long charge carrier lifetime, and excellent optical properties. [20][21][22][23][24] Single crystal [19,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and thick film [32][33][34][35][36] perovskite X-ray detectors have been the focal point of current research, often incorporated in a lateral photoconductor radiation detector architecture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Ultraflexible Perovskite X‐Ray Detectors through Interface Engineering

et al. 2020

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X-ray detectors play a pivotal role in development and advancement of humankind, from far-reaching impact in medicine to furthering the ability to observe distant objects in outer space. While other electronics show the ability to adapt to flexible and lightweight formats, state-of-the-art X-ray detectors rely on materials requiring bulky and fragile configurations, severely limiting their applications. Lead halide perovskites is one of the most rapidly advancing novel materials with success in the field of semiconductor devices. Here, an ultraflexible, lightweight, and highly conformable passively operated thin film perovskite X-ray detector with a sensitivity as high as 9.3 ± 0.5 µC Gy −1 cm −2 at 0 V and a remarkably low limit of detection of 0.58 ± 0.05 Gy s −1 is presented. Various electron and hole transporting layers accessing their individual impact on the detector performance are evaluated. Moreover, it is shown that this ultrathin form-factor allows for fabrication of devices detecting X-rays equivalently from front and back side.

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“…MHPs, such as MAPI, MAPbBr 3 , and CsAgBiBr 6 , in their single-crystal form have proven suitable for efficient X-ray detectors but still suffers from the relatively high density of defects, field-induced ion migration, and poor operational stability. In an effort to address these shortcomings, Zhang et al [98] synthesized inorganic CsPbBr 3 single crystals from solution and used them to realize X-ray detectors. The devices comprised of Al/CsPbBr 3 /Au showed high sensitivity of 1256 µC Gy −1 cm −2 for 80 peak kilo Volt (kVp) Xray photons at 20 V mm −1 , which is almost 60 times higher than commercial -Se detectors.…”

Section: D Perovskitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Halide Perovskites for High‐Energy Radiation Detection

et al. 2020

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Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as a frontrunner semiconductor technology for application in third generation photovoltaics while simultaneously making significant strides in other areas of optoelectronics. Photodetectors are one of the latest additions in an expanding list of applications of this fascinating family of materials. The extensive range of possible inorganic and hybrid perovskites coupled with their processing versatility and ability to convert external stimuli into easily measurable optical/electrical signals makes them an auspicious sensing element even for the high-energy domain of the electromagnetic spectrum. Key to this is the ability of MHPs to accommodate heavy elements while being able to form large, high-quality crystals and polycrystalline layers, making them one of the most promising emerging X-ray and-ray detector technologies. Here, the fundamental principles of high-energy radiation detection are reviewed with emphasis on recent progress in the emerging and fascinating field of metal halide perovskite-based X-ray and-ray detectors. The review starts with a discussion of the basic principles of high-energy radiation detection with focus on key performance metrics followed by a comprehensive summary of the recent progress in the field of perovskite-based detectors. The article concludes with a discussion of the remaining challenges and future perspectives.

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High-sensitivity X-ray detectors based on solution-grown caesium lead bromide single crystals

Abstract: High-sensitivity X-ray detectors made of solution grown CsPbBr3 single crystals with high crystalline quality was reported in this work. The device with asymmetric electrodes configuration shows high sensitivity of 1256 μC Gy−1 cm−2.

Cited by 137 publications

References 45 publications

Large Lead‐Free Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance Coplanar X‐Ray Imaging Applications

Large Lead‐Free Perovskite Single Crystal for High‐Performance Coplanar X‐Ray Imaging Applications

Designing Ultraflexible Perovskite X‐Ray Detectors through Interface Engineering

Metal Halide Perovskites for High‐Energy Radiation Detection

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