following freezing/thawing under strain, which induces the second cross-linking due to crystallization of PVA chains. The reversible formation and melting of PVA crystallites enables the temporary shape fixation and recovery. Chen et al. also constructed a shape memory hydrogel based on stronger and weaker H-bonding by introducing tannic acid (TA) into the PVA hydrogel networks. The stronger multiple H-bonding between PVA chains and TA acts as the permanent cross-links and the weaker H-bonding among PVA chains works as the temporary cross-links. [20] However, the shape memory and selfhealing PVA hydrogel still encounters some challenges. The first is how to control the SM&SH process spatially and temporally by appropriate stimulus. Most SM&SH hydrogels were thermally activated, but one disadvantage is that the direct heating will lead to temperature rising of the entire material. [21,22] Other stimulating means such as air, water, and pH can also trigger the shape recovery, but those stimuli are limited in practical applications. [23][24][25][26] In contrast, the remote stimulations such as ultrasound and light are very easy to achieve local focus and quantitative stimulation. [27,28] Previously we firstly proposed the use of therapeutic ultrasound to trigger the shape memory of a PVA hydrogel containing a small amount of melamine. [19] In this study, we will try to use near-infrared (NIR) to trigger the SM&SH process by employing the photothermal effect of polydopamine. As a safe and noncontact stimulus, NIR light is widely used in the field of biomedicine. Huang et al. proposed a one-pot method to produce a double network containing both permanent and temporary cross-linking structures through chemically cross-linked polyacrylamide (PAM) and physically cross-linked gelatin. Graphene oxide (GO) was introduced into the hydrogel matrix to serve as energy convertor to convert NIR irradiation to thermal energy. [29] Although GO has been widely used as nearinfrared light energy convertor, the dispersion problem and the interaction with the matrix are the bottlenecks that limit its application. [30,31] The second challenge is the contradiction between mechanical strength and self-healing performance. In most cases, the hydrogel with self-healing function has a lower mechanical strength, which in practice means no useful in many circumstances. There are some approaches to improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels, such as introducing physical and chemical cross-linkers or reinforced fillers. [32][33][34]
HydrogelsThis study focuses on developing a facile approach to prepare biocompatible poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite hydrogels containing polydopamine particles (PDAPs) with ultrafast near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered shape memory and self-healing capability. The PVA-PDAPs composite hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties can be achieved after freezing/thawing treatment, and the formation of physically cross-linked networks from the hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) between PVA and PDAPs. Due to the exce...