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Özet19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı Osmanlı Đmparatorluğu'nda sanayileşme ve fabrikalaşma sürecinin hız kazandığı bir dönem olmuştur. Bunun bir sonucu olarak da 15. yüzyıldan beri klasik yöntemlerle elde edilmekte olan kar ve buzun temin yöntemi değişmiş ve yüksek ölçeklerde üretim yapan makinelerle ikame olmuştur. Öncelikle buz imalini teşvik için imtiyaz usulü ile taliplerine ihale edilen buz fabrikaları kurma hakkı verilmiştir. Zamanla buz kullanımının artması ve suni buz üretiminin yaygın bir sanayi koluna dönüşmesi ile 1892 yılından itibaren imtiyaz usulü terk edilerek talep edenlere adi ruhsatlar verilerek buz fabrikaları kurulmasına müsaade edilmiştir. Bu şekilde özellikle nüfusun yoğun olduğu, kara ve deniz ile ulaşım imkanları bulunan bölgeler başta olmak üzere Balkanlar'dan Ortadoğu'ya kadar Osmanlı Đmparatorluğu'nun bir çok yerinde buz fabrikaları tesis edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimler: Osmanlı, buz, bu fabrikaları, 19. yy. AbstractThe second half of the 19th century was a period of industrialization and factorization in the Ottoman Empire. As a consequence, the method of providing snow and ice, which are obtained by conventional methods since the 15th century has been changed and replaced with machines producing high scales of ice and snow. Primarily, to promote the manufacture of ice, concessions are given as a privilege to establish ice factories. In time, the increased use of ice and evolution of artificial ice production to a widespread industrial branch, procedure of giving concessions has been abandoned in 1892. After that, licenses are given to those who demand to establish ice factories. In this way, particularly in the regions which are densely populated or have land and sea transportation facilities, ice factories have been established in many parts of the Ottoman Empire from the Balkans to the Middle East.

Modern Technology to Capture The Ottoman Navy: Naval Industry Regiments The Ottoman Empire was deeply influenced by the Industrial Revolution as well as the whole world. Especially since the early 19th century, the use of machines in ships and the development of steam technology put the powerful states into a technological innovation race regarding their navies. The Ottoman Empire has tried to stay in in this race and make her navy compatible with the new technology. This rapid transformation in world regarding the maritime transport and technology necessitated the availability of a skilled workforce who would adapt to technological changes and work in the new factories and plants. In the middle of the 19th century there was no point to this technological innovation in the field of maritime labor to feed the Ottoman Empire. In this study, the establishment of Naval Industrial Regiments and its changing functions will be dealt in the context of Ottoman efforts to adapt to naval technology.

The Shatt al-Arab question has been the subject of several studies, most of which concentrate on the internationalization of the subject. However, few, if any, works have analyzed how this territorial dispute was perceived within Ottoman bureaucratic circles. When the Ottoman Empire reinstated a constitutional monarchy in 1908, the Ottoman–Iranian border dispute regarding the Shatt al-Arab had to be readdressed, with international players involved in the process. Considering the role of foreign factors, this study focuses on the contesting interests of the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of War on the Shatt al-Arab question (1912–13) and considers how these interests shaped foreign policy in the process of negotiating a resolution.

This study reveals the contribution of environmental and sanitarian factors to the shaping of the cities, particularly the Ottoman capital Istanbul. This paper, focusing on the second half of the 19th century, discusses the man-made environmental destruction, the water shortage that emerged as a result of uncontrolled urbanization and the Ottoman state’s evacuation process of the Belgrad, Kömürcü and Bahçecik villages due to the threat of disease. Thusly, this paper aims to shed light on the extent to which Ottoman urbanization was exposed to environmental influences.