High-Voltage Stations for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging: Trends, Standards, Charging Modes and Comparison of Unity Power-Factor Rectifiers

Aretxabaleta, Iker; Alegría, Iñigo Martínez de; Andreu, Jon; Kortabarria, Iñigo; Robles, Endika

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3093696

Cited by 62 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…Moreover, the integration of intelligent load balancing systems may help to manage efficient charging systems, and grid performances and satisfy the charging demands. The high level of EV integration into the distribution network has introduced many technical challenges for power grid operations, safety, and network planning due to increased load demand, voltage and current fluctuations, power quality impacts, and power losses [298]. Modern EV charging systems are tended to use other energy sources link solar PV, wind power, and energy storage systems.…”

Section: Future Trends and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Standards, Architectures, and Converter Configurations

et al. 2023

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Electric Vehicles (EVs) are projected to be one of the major contributors to energy transition in global transportation due to their rapid expansion. High-level of EVs integration into the electricity grid will introduce many challenges for the power grid planning, operation, stability, standards, and safety. Therefore, the wide-scale adoption of EVs imposes research and development of charging systems and EV supply equipment (EVSE) to achieve expected charging solutions for EV batteries as well as to improve ancillary services. Analysis of the status of EV charging technologies is important to accelerate EV adoption with advanced control strategies to discover a remedial solution for negative impacts and to enhance desired charging efficiency and grid support. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV charging technologies, international standards, the architecture of EV charging stations, and the power converter configurations of EV charging systems. The charging systems require a dedicated converter topology, a control strategy, compatibility with standards, and grid codes for charging and discharging to ensure optimum operation and enhance grid support. An overview of different charging systems in terms of onboard and offboard chargers, AC-DC and DC-DC converter configuration, and AC and DC-based charging station architectures are evaluated. In addition, recent charging systems which are integrated with renewable energy sources are presented to identify the power train of modern charging stations. Finally, future trends and challenges in EV charging and grid integration issues are summarized as the future direction of the research.INDEX TERMS Electric vehicle, charging configuration, grid integration, international standards, onboard and offboard charger, power converters.

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Section: Future Trends and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Standards, Architectures, and Converter Configurations

et al. 2023

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“…113 Conidering the classification of power module voltages, (600 to 750 V and 1200 V, Figure 9), the wide range of modules (regardless of the automotive grade) that cover the demand for vehicles categorized as "400 V" and "800 V" systems can be seen (most light electric vehicles are generally equipped with battery packs with a nominal voltage range between 250 V and 450 V, known as "400 V" systems; whereas in heavy electric vehicles where most vehicles operate with nominal voltages close to 600-650 V and, in some sports cars, the voltage may slightly exceed 900 V, in which case they are known as "800 V" systems). 1,[114][115][116][117][118][119] Thus, 600 to 750 V rated modules are suitable for "400 V" systems, while 1200 V rated modules ‡ ‡ ‡ are suitable for "800 V" systems.…”

Section: Igbt-based Power Modulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of power device technology in the electric vehicle powertrain

Robles

Matallana

Aretxabaleta

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary In the automotive industry, the design and implementation of power converters and especially inverters, are at a turning point. Silicon (Si) IGBTs are at present the most widely used power semiconductors in most commercial vehicles. However, this trend is beginning to change with the appearance of wide‐bandgap (WBG) devices, particularly silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). It is therefore advisable to review their main features and advantages, to update the degree of their market penetration, and to identify the most commonly used alternatives in automotive inverters. In this paper, the aim is therefore to summarize the most relevant characteristics of power inverters, reviewing and providing a global overview of the most outstanding aspects (packages, semiconductor internal structure, stack‐ups, thermal considerations, etc.) of Si, SiC, and GaN power semiconductor technologies, and the degree of their use in electric vehicle powertrains. In addition, the paper also points out the trends that semiconductor technology and next‐generation inverters will be likely to follow, especially when future prospects point to the use of “800 V" battery systems and increased switching frequencies. The internal structure and the characteristics of the power modules are disaggregated, highlighting their thermal and electrical characteristics. In addition, aspects relating to reliability are considered, at both the discrete device and power module level, as well as more general issues that involve the entire propulsion system, such as common‐mode voltage.

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“…Among the different ac-dc conversion stages (confer Figure 4), the Vienna rectifier has a promising feature of compact size, high efficiency, high power density, low THD, and a simple control circuit. 20,21 However, to charge the EV the Vienna rectifier requires interleaved buck converter that increases the active power semiconductor switches in the EV charger, and therefore the reliability is reduced. 22,23 In addition, the Vienna rectifier has more active power semiconductor switches and requires dedicated isolation for personnel safety.…”

Section: State-of-the-art and The Proposed Ev Chargermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When i A(S1) , i A(S2) , and i A(S3) are referred to the primary MWTs, their negative sequence harmonics are shifted in the same direction, while the positive sequence harmonics are shifted in opposite directions. 21,22 From Figure 10, i' A(S2) and the rectified dc current (I DC ) are related as…”

Section: Harmonics Cancellation In Input Line Currentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, the current in phase ‐A of S 1 , that is, i A ( S 1) , and in S 3 , that is, i A ( S 3) , lags and leads i AS3 by 20°, respectively. When i A ( S 1) , i A ( S 2) , and i A ( S 3) are referred to the primary MWTs, their negative sequence harmonics are shifted in the same direction, while the positive sequence harmonics are shifted in opposite directions 21,22 …”

Section: Description Of the Proposed Ev Chargermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental validation of off‐board EV charging station with reduced active switch count

Khalid

Asghar

Alam

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary This paper presents the experimental validation of the proposed off‐board electric vehicle (EV) charging station that complies with the IEEE 519‐2014 power quality (PQ) standard. The proposed EV charging station constitutes a two‐stage power conversion, ac‐dc conversion at the front‐end (interfacing the grid and dc‐link), and dc‐dc conversion at the end‐stage (interfacing dc‐link and EV battery). The ac‐dc conversion stage at the front‐end of the proposed EV charging station with a fewer active switch count makes it unique from other available EV charging. It utilizes multi‐phase transformers to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the line current drawn, and to improve the power factor (PF). The multi‐phase transformers convert the grid power supply to a multi‐phase supply that makes the input line current stepped and reduces the THD, thus facilitating the reduction of active front‐end power conversion, filter circuitry, and PF correctors. The multi‐phase power supply is rectified to feed the dc‐link from which the EV battery is charged with a dc‐dc converter in constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) mode. The experimental validation was performed in a laboratory on a developed prototype of the proposed EV charger. The THD measured in the input line current was 3.78% with high PF (about unity) that meets the recommended IEEE 519‐2014 PQ standard. The efficiency of the charger recorded was 90.4%. A comparative analysis of the proposed EV charge is presented on five metrics namely: PQ, cost, power density, control complexity, and robustness, which confirms the effectiveness of the proposed EV charger.

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High-Voltage Stations for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging: Trends, Standards, Charging Modes and Comparison of Unity Power-Factor Rectifiers

Cited by 62 publications

References 119 publications

Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Standards, Architectures, and Converter Configurations

Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Standards, Architectures, and Converter Configurations

The role of power device technology in the electric vehicle powertrain

Experimental validation of off‐board EV charging station with reduced active switch count

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