Higher physiopathogenicity by<i>Fasciola gigantica</i>than by the genetically close<i>F. hepatica</i>: experimental long-term follow-up of biochemical markers

Valero, M. Adela; Bargues, M. D.; Khoubbane, Messaoud; Artigas, Patricio; Quesada, Carla; Berinde, Lavinia; Ubeira, Florencio M.; Mezo, Mercedes; Hernández, José L.; Agramunt, Veronica H.; Mas‐Coma, Santiago

doi:10.1093/trstmh/trv110

Cited by 61 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…According to Pavlović et al [27], high ALP levels, as well as significantly elevated eosinophilia and low hemoglobin, are the most significant laboratory features of human fascioliasis, as was in the main case presented here. However, Valero et al [8] found that γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) provides information on penetration of young flukes into the bile ducts of sheep. GGT is the best marker, while AST is less sensitive [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Cases of Fascioliasis in Fujian Province, China

Cai

et al. 2017

Korean J Parasitol

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Fascioliasis is a foodborne zoonotic parasitic disease. We report 4 cases occurring in the same family, in whom diagnosis of acute fascioliasis was established after series of tests. One case was hospitalized with fever, eosinophilia, and hepatic lesions. MRI showed hypodense changes in both liver lobes. The remaining 3 cases presented with the symptom of stomachache only. Stool analysis was positive for Fasciola eggs in 2 adult patients. The immunological test and molecular identification of eggs were confirmed at the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China. The results of serological detection were positive in all the 4 patients. DNA sequencing of PCR products of the eggs demonstrated 100% homology with ITS and cox1 of Fasciola hepatica. The conditions of the patients were not improved by broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drugs until administration of triclabendazole.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Cases of Fascioliasis in Fujian Province, China

Cai

et al. 2017

Korean J Parasitol

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“…Furthermore, hybridization may also have serious implications for people living in areas where the two species co‐localize as this could result in the emergence of more pathogenic Fasciola isolates. A recent study by Valero and colleagues showed that when directly compared in infections of Guirra sheep, which have similar susceptibilities to both species, F. gigantica was found to be more pathogenic than F. hepatica . Also, a recent analysis of human infections in Vietnam has revealed that hybrids are also able to infect people .…”

Section: Hybrid And/or Introgressed Populations Of Liver Flukementioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective view of animal and human Fasciolosis

Cwiklinski

O’Neill

Donnelly

et al. 2016

Parasite Immunology

171

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SummaryFasciolosis, a food‐borne trematodiasis, results following infection with the parasites, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. These trematodes greatly affect the global agricultural community, infecting millions of ruminants worldwide and causing annual economic losses in excess of US $3 billion. Fasciolosis, an important zoonosis, is classified by WHO as a neglected tropical disease with an estimated 17 million people infected and a further 180 million people at risk of infection. The significant impact on agriculture and human health together with the increasing demand for animal‐derived food products to support global population growth demonstrate that fasciolosis is a major One Health problem. This review details the problematic issues surrounding fasciolosis control, including drug resistance, lack of diagnosis and the threat that hybridization of the Fasciola species poses to future animal and human health. We discuss how these parasites may mediate their long‐term survival through regulation and modulation of the host immune system, by altering the host immune homeostasis and/or by influencing the intestinal microbiome particularly in respect to concurrent infections with other pathogens. Large genome, transcriptome and proteomic data sets are now available to support an integrated One Health approach to develop novel diagnostic and control strategies for both animal and human disease.

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“…Additionally, reinfection has also been related to high pathogenicity and impressive manifestations in patients whether directly by immunologically stimulating the ectopic migration of invasive juvenile flukes or indirectly by increasing complex mechanisms involved in immuno-allergic and toxic processes caused by flukes in the liver but acting systemically at distance [4]. Clinical studies have shown this disease to be pronouncedly complex, giving rise to progressive general deterioration of the patients, with sequelae sometimes leaving subjects handicapped and frail, even leading to fatal cases [2,4,7]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fasciola hepatica reinfection potentiates a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg response and correlates with the clinical phenotypes of anemia

et al. 2017

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BackgroundFascioliasis is a severe zoonotic disease of worldwide extension caused by liver flukes. In human fascioliasis hyperendemic areas, reinfection and chronicity are the norm and anemia is the main sign. Herein, the profile of the Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg expression levels is analyzed after reinfection, correlating them with their corresponding hematological biomarkers of morbidity.Methodology/Principal findingsThe experimental design reproduces the usual reinfection/chronicity conditions in human fascioliasis endemic areas and included Fasciola hepatica primo-infected Wistar rats (PI) and rats reinfected at 8 weeks (R8), and at 12 weeks (R12), and negative control rats. In a cross-sectional study, the expression of the genes associated with Th1 (Ifng, Il12a, Il12b, Nos2), Th2 (Il4, Arg1), Treg (Foxp3, Il10, Tgfb, Ebi3), and Th17 (Il17) in the spleen and thymus was analyzed. After 20 weeks of primary infection, PI did not present significant changes in the expression of those genes when compared to non-infected rats (NI), but an increase of Il4, Arg1 and Ifng mRNA in the spleen was observed in R12, suggesting the existence of an active mixed Th1/Th2 systemic immune response in reinfection. Foxp3, Il10, Tgfb and Ebi3 levels increased in the spleen in R12 when compared to NI and PI, indicating that the Treg gene expression levels are potentiated in chronic phase reinfection. Il17 gene expression levels in R12 in the spleen increased when compared to NI, PI and R8. Gene expression levels of Il10 in the thymus increased when compared to NI and PI in R12. Ifng expression levels in the thymus increased in all reinfected rats, but not in PI. The clinical phenotype was determined by the fluke burden, the rat body weight and the hemogram. Multivariate mathematical models were built to describe the Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg expression levels and the clinical phenotype. In reinfection, two phenotypic patterns were detected: i) one which includes only increased splenic Ifng expression levels but no Treg expression, correlating with severe anemia; ii) another which includes increased splenic Ifng and Treg expression levels, correlating with a less severe anemia.Conclusions/SignificanceIn animals with established F. hepatica infection a huge increase in the immune response occurs, being a mixed Th2/Treg associated gene expression together with an expression of Ifng. Interestingly, a Th17 associated gene expression is also observed. Reinfection in the chronic phase is able to activate a mixed immune response (Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg) against F. hepatica but T and B proliferation to mitogens is strongly suppressed in all infected rats vs control in the advanced chronic phase independently of reinfection The systemic immune response is different in each group, suggesting that suppression is mediated by different mechanisms in each case. Immune suppression could be due to the parasite in PI and R8 rats and the induction of suppressive cells such as Treg in R12. This is the first study to provide fundamental insight into the immune profile in fas...

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Higher physiopathogenicity byFasciola giganticathan by the genetically closeF. hepatica: experimental long-term follow-up of biochemical markers

Abstract: The higher F. gigantica pathogenicity contrasts with previous studies which only reflected the faster development of F. hepatica observed in short-term experiments.

Cited by 61 publications

References 38 publications

Human Cases of Fascioliasis in Fujian Province, China

Human Cases of Fascioliasis in Fujian Province, China

A prospective view of animal and human Fasciolosis

Fasciola hepatica reinfection potentiates a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg response and correlates with the clinical phenotypes of anemia

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