“…As designed, the thiol group of cysteine (C) forms a covalent bond to the gold surface, while the alanine (A) and leucine (L) in positions 2 and 3 possess hydrophobic side chains that promote the self-assembly of the peptide, while the hydrophilic asparagine (N) and negatively charged terminal carboxylic acid group are pointing outwards, resulting in hydrophilic and negatively charged AuNPs [15,19]. Due to the remarkably easy preparation, high stability and biocompatibility of CALNN-coated AuNPs, they have been one of the most widely used biomaterials in recent years, greatly promoting the development of biosensors [28,29], disease diagnosis [30,31] and medicine [32,33]. Furthermore, the use of CALNN was extended to the stabilization and functionalization of quantum dots [34] and palladium nanoparticles [35] based on the coordination between metals and the sulfhydryl group of cysteine.…”