Histological Grading and Prognosis in Breast Cancer

Bloom, H. J. G.; Richardson, W. W.

doi:10.1038/bjc.1957.43

Cited by 2,590 publications

(728 citation statements)

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“…The malignancy of infiltrating carcinomas was scored according to Bloom and Richardson's histoprognostic grading (Bloom and Richardson, 1957). Oestrogen and progesterone receptors were assayed as described by the European Organization for Research and Treatment for Cancer (EORTC Breast Cooperative Group Revision, 1980), with a detection threshold of 10 fmol mg-' cytosolic protein.…”

Section: Evaluation Of 'Classical' Prognostic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of the stathmin gene in a subset of human breast cancer

Bièche

Lachkar²,

Becette³

et al. 1998

Br J Cancer

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Summary Stathmin is a highly conserved cytosolic phosphoprotein that destabilizes microtubules. Stathmin, which has been proposed as a relay protein integrating diverse cell signalling pathways, acts in vitro as a tubulin-sequestering protein, and its activity is dramatically reduced by phosphorylation. Interestingly, stathmin expression and phosphorylation are regulated during the control of cell growth and differentiation, and there is much evidence suggesting that in vivo stathmin plays a role in the control of microtubule dynamics during mitosis. Stathmin may thus be considered as one of the key regulators of cell division. We examined 50 human primary breast tumours for stathmin mRNA

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Section: Evaluation Of 'Classical' Prognostic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of the stathmin gene in a subset of human breast cancer

Bièche

Lachkar²,

Becette³

et al. 1998

Br J Cancer

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“…With a shift to smaller tumours due to screening programs, tumour staging per se has only limited prognostic power 13, 14 with recent studies suggesting that a refinement of the current staging system through inclusion of molecular profiles might prove beneficial 15, 16. The Elston–Ellis modification 17, 18 of the Scarff–Bloom–Richardson grading system 19 is widely used to estimate outcomes but the semi‐quantitative evaluation of morphological features rather than quantitative assessment of genetic parameters appears to introduce a considerable bias leaving grading results alone with a comparably limited impact on clinical decision making 13, 14, 20.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classical pathology and mutational load of breast cancer – integration of two worlds

Budczies

Bockmayr

Denkert

et al. 2015

The Journal of Pathology CR

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Breast cancer is a complex molecular disease comprising several biological subtypes. However, daily routine diagnosis is still based on a small set of well‐characterized clinico‐pathological variables. Here, we try to link the two worlds of surgical pathology and multilayered molecular profiling by analyzing the relationships between clinico‐pathological phenotypes and mutational loads of breast cancer. We evaluated the number of mutated genes with somatic non‐silent mutations in different subgroups of breast cancer based on clinico‐pathological, including immunohistochemical and tumour characteristics. The analysis was performed for a cohort of 687 primary breast cancer patients with mutational profiling, gene expression and clinico‐pathological data available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. The number of mutated genes was strongly positively associated with higher tumour grade (p = 1.4e−14) and with the different immunohistochemical and PAM50 molecular subtypes of breast cancer (p = 1.4e−10 and p = 4.3e−10, respectively). We observed significant associations (|R| > 0.4) between the abundance of mutated genes and expression levels of genes related to proliferation in the overall cohort and hormone receptor positive cohort, including the Recurrence Score gene signature (e.g., MYBL2 and BIRC5). Specific mutated genes (TP53, NCOR1, NF1, PTPRD and RB1) were highly significantly associated with high loads of mutated genes. Multivariate analysis for overall survival (OS) revealed a worse survival for patients with high numbers of mutated genes (hazard ratio = 4.6, 95% CI: 1.0 – 20.0, p = 0.044). Here, we report a strong association of the number of mutated genes with immunohistochemical and PAM50 subtypes and tumour grade in breast cancer. We provide evidence that specific levels of the mutational load underlie different morphological and biological phenotypes, which collectively constitute the current basis of pathological diagnosis. Our study is a step towards genomics‐informed breast pathology and will provide a basis for future studies in this field bridging the gap between morphology, tumour biology and medical oncology.

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“…Nevertheless Bloom (1950;1-962) and Bloom & Richardson (1957) showed how successful grading by one pathologist could be in predicting survival. Schi0dt (1966) reviewed many of the different grading methods proposed, and found Bloom & Richardson's (1957) method conveniently simple to apply.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schi0dt (1966) reviewed many of the different grading methods proposed, and found Bloom & Richardson's (1957) method conveniently simple to apply. Both Schiodt and Bloom found the reproducibility of grade on repeated assessments by the same pathologist to be acceptably high.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%