Historical energy analysis of the Norwegian dwelling stock

Abstract

and helge.brattebo@ntnu.noThe building sector is a big consumer of energy and is responsible for a considerable share of the greenhouse gas emissions within most developed countries. Based on the development in underlying drivers and using system analysis methods, the historical development in energy flows in the Norwegian residential building stock, the associated costs and greenhouse gas emissions are estimated. The results show that although a 39% decrease occurred in energy consumption per square metre in the use phase, the total energy consumption increased due to increased stock size. Further, the total energy consumption was substantially dominated by the use phase. The energy-related costs increase even more than energy consumption due to increased energy prices, but the greenhouse gas emissions decrease due to changes in the energy mix. The per-capita results follow the same trends as the aggregated results, whereas there have been larger improvements in the system on a per-square-metre basis. Based on underlying drivers, the model ensures inclusion of development trends that are not easily explained by the direct factors energy efficiency, energy mix and energy prices.Keywords: building stock, carbon footprint, cost analysis, dwelling stock, dynamic material flow analysis, economic footprint, energy consumption, energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions Le secteur du bâ timent est un gros consommateur d'énergie et est responsable d'une part considérable des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans la plupart des pays développés. En se basant sur l'évolution des facteurs sous-jacents et en utilisant des méthodes d'analyse des systèmes, sont estimés l'évolution historique des flux d'énergie dans le parc bâ ti résidentiel norvégien, les coû ts qui s'y rapportent et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les résultats montrent que, bien qu'une diminution de 39% soit intervenue dans la consommation d'énergie par mètre carré dans la phase d'utilisation, la consommation totale d'énergie a augmenté en raison de la taille accrue du parc. En outre, la consommation totale d'énergie a été fortement dominée par la phase d'utilisation. Les coû ts liés à l'énergie augmentent encore plus que la consommation d'énergie du fait de l'augmentation des prix de l'énergie, mais les émissions de gaz à effet de serre diminuent en raison des changements intervenus dans le mix énergétique. Les résultats par personne suivent les mêmes tendances que les résultats agrégés, alors que des améliorations plus importantes se sont produites dans le système sur la base du mètre carré. En se basant sur les facteurs sous-jacents, le modèle assure l'inclusion de tendances évolutives qui ne s'expliquent pas facilement par les facteurs directs d'efficacité énergétique, de mix énergétique et de prix de l'énergie.Mots clés: parc bâ ti, empreinte carbone, analyse des coû ts, parc de logements, analyse dynamique des flux de matériaux, empreinte économique, consommation d'énergie, efficacité énergétique, émissions de gaz à effet de serre

Alternative scenarios for energy conservation in the building stock

“…The increase in efficiency has mainly served to compensate the increase in gross internal building area and rising expectations for thermal comfort. The mechanisms have been described for several countries: for Norway (Sandberg et al, 2011), the UK (Oreszczyn and Lowe, 2009) and Denmark (Marsh et al, 2010). Figure 3 shows how the population, the built volume, and energy consumption for transport and domestic applications have evolved since 1950 in Switzerland.…”

Seasonal Thermal Sensation Vote – An indicator for long-term energy performance of dwellings with no HVAC systems

“…Energy policy for the built environment is usually focused on reducing the energy used for space conditioning, ventilation, lighting and hot water by setting minimum requirements for the performance of equipment and building components [1,[13][14][15]. Regarding space conditioning, this approach has been reasonably successful in buildings with heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, which are commonly found in developed countries, particularly in heating dominated climates [1,16,17]. However, a large proportion of world's population lives in developing countries located in tropical regions, where the use of HVAC in buildings is not yet widespread due to economic, technical and/or cultural constraints [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

A Probabilistic Dynamic Material Flow Analysis Model for Chinese Urban Housing Stock

“…On the basis of results of analysis of historical Norwegian residential stocks, the direct and indirect energy flows have been estimated (Sandberg et al. ). Further, the life cycle appraisal for the energy and carbon flows of prospective building stocks in Norway toward 2050 is carried out (Sandberg and Brattebø ).…”

“…Taking advantage of this dynamic MFA model, the Norwegian residential housing stock is estimated from 1900 to 2100 and its corresponding concrete and wood accumulated in it are simulated (Bergsdal et al 2007). On the basis of results of analysis of historical Norwegian residential stocks, the direct and indirect energy flows have been estimated (Sandberg et al 2011). Further, the life cycle appraisal for the energy and carbon flows of prospective building stocks in Norway toward 2050 is carried out (Sandberg and Brattebø 2012).…”