Historical human exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids in the United States and Australia reconstructed from biomonitoring data using population-based pharmacokinetic modelling

Children's exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids – a modelling approach

“…18,34 In the presented model, the values of the serum elimination halflife and of the volume of distribution of PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS were taken from a study that successfully estimated serum concentration trends of PFOA and PFOS in adults. 35 Verner et al (2016) used slightly different values for the half-life and volume of distribution of PFOA and PFOS compared to the present work. Despite the application of different values, the resulting modelled serum concentrations in both studies showed a good agreement with the respective measured data.…”

“…For PFOS and PFOA, the volume of distribution was set to 235 mL kg À1 and 200 mL kg À1 , respectively, which were averaged from animal and human studies. 35 No volume of distribution was available for PFHxS, thus the one of PFOS was applied, because the volume of distribution for PFOS and peruorobutane sulfonic acid were similar (PFSA homologue with 4-carbon chain length). 35,36 The elimination halflife represents the time needed in days ( The growth curves were adjusted for each individual by a body weight adjustment factor, which was dened as the ratio of the body weight of each 10.5 year-old over the corresponding median value from the growth curve.…”

What is the effect of phasing out long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review

“…It has been suggested that elimination of PFOS is enhanced by menstruating women [144], and menstrual clearance will vary with age, but this factor alone cannot explain the difference between males and females seen in the Chinese study from Shenyang. Differences between males and females have also recently been observed in Australia and the USA [154] but were not fully understood.…”

Determinants of serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in school children and the contribution of low-level PFAA-contaminated drinking water

“…Regular blood loss may increase PFAA elimination thus affecting circulating PFAA concentrations. [48][49][50]…”

“…A closer look on Australian women suggested that half-life of PFOA was inuenced by menstruation to a lesser degree than that of PFOS. 50 However, Rush et al 68 reported similar inuence of use of oral contraceptive (OC) (lower concentrations due to lower menstrual uid loss) by females on PFOS and PFOA plasma concentrations. In the latter study concentrations of PFHxS and PFNA were also lower among OC users than among non-users, but not of PFDA and PFUnDA.…”