History and Diversity: Explorations at the Intersection of Ecology and Evolution

Ricklefs,

doi:10.2307/4541090

Cited by 91 publications

(140 citation statements)

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“…A combination of both factors is nevertheless needed, with empirical distributions of niche breadth. Otherwise, habitat generalists have an advantage over specialists, an effect that is compensated for by niche preemption, interhabitat source-sink dynamics, and/or the strong influence of the regional pool on the diversity of local communities (Ricklefs 2007). Therefore, further improvements of this model must (1) include a description of interspecific interactions; (2) use a spatially explicit description of the metacommunity (e.g., Loeuille and Leibold 2008) that allows, for example, for the maintenance of sink populations (Rosenzweig 1995); and/or (3) use a more detailed description of the assembly of local communities from the species available in the regional pool (e.g., Sanders et al 2007;Starzomski et al 2008).…”

Section: Modeling the Interplay Between Niche Breadth And Metapopulatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Island Species Richness Increases with Habitat Diversity

Hortal¹,

Triantis²,

Meiri³

et al. 2009

The American Naturalist

246

255

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Species richness is commonly thought to increase with habitat diversity. However, a recent theoretical model aiming to unify niche and island biogeography theories predicted a hump-shaped relationship between richness and habitat diversity. Given the contradiction between model results and previous knowledge, we examine whether the relationship between species richness and habitat diversity is consistently monotonically increasing and under which circumstances, if at all, such relationships could be hump shaped. We review the empirical evidence about the shape of such relationships and show that species richness on islands usually increases with habitat diversity and that it never decreases. We also critically examine the assumptions of the theoretical model and modify them to incorporate a less restrictive definition of niche width. The modified assumptions lead to simulations that better capture real patterns, using either simple parameters or observed distributions of niche breadth. Further work is needed to incorporate ecological interactions and metacommunity dynamics if the aim is to merge niche and island biogeography theories in a realistic modeling framework.

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Section: Modeling the Interplay Between Niche Breadth And Metapopulatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Island Species Richness Increases with Habitat Diversity

Hortal¹,

Triantis²,

Meiri³

et al. 2009

The American Naturalist

246

255

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“…Gene flow is the main process opposing population differentiation (Mayr 1963), and so the strength of gene flow between populations is expected to be an important determinant of the spatial scale at which genetic divergence and speciation can occur (Slatkin 1973(Slatkin , 1985Doebeli and Dieckmann 2003). However, despite the potential of this body of theory to explain taxonomic and geographic variation in biodiversity (Ricklefs 2007), the extent to which the scale of speciation varies among taxa and the causes of such variation remain unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation Has a Spatial Scale That Depends on Levels of Gene Flow

Kisel

Barraclough²

2010

The American Naturalist

406

462

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Area is generally assumed to affect speciation rates, but work on the spatial context of speciation has focused mostly on patterns of range overlap between emerging species rather than on questions of geographical scale. A variety of geographical theories of speciation predict that the probability of speciation occurring within a given region should (1) increase with the size of the region and (2) increase as the spatial extent of intraspecific gene flow becomes smaller. Using a survey of speciation events on isolated oceanic islands for a broad range of taxa, we find evidence for both predictions. The probability of in situ speciation scales with island area in bats, carnivorous mammals, birds, flowering plants, lizards, butterflies and moths, and snails. Ferns are an exception to these findings, but they exhibit high frequencies of polyploid and hybrid speciation, which are expected to be scale independent. Furthermore, the minimum island size for speciation correlates across groups with the strength of intraspecific gene flow, as is estimated from a meta-analysis of published population genetic studies. These results indicate a general geographical model of speciation rates that are dependent on both area and gene flow. The spatial scale of population divergence is an important but neglected determinant of broad-scale diversity patterns.

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“…Linking these species turnover patterns to changes in environmental conditions is crucial to addressing how the edges of species' ranges are delineated (5). Both environmental dissimilarity and geographic distance are central causes of species turnover (6). Along local environmental gradients, species distributions often represent the outcome of competitive sorting (7,8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking global turnover of species and environments

Buckley

Jetz

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

265

324

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Patterns of species turnover are central to the geography of biodiversity and resulting challenges for conservation, but at broad scales remain relatively little understood. Here, we take a first spatially-explicitly and global perspective to link the spatial turnover of species and environments. We compare how major groups of vertebrate ectotherms (amphibians) and endotherms (birds) respond to spatial environmental gradients. We find that high levels of species turnover occur regardless of environmental turnover rates, but environmental turnover provides a lower bound for species turnover. This lower bound increases more steeply with environmental turnover in tropical realms. While bird and amphibian turnover rates are correlated, the rate of amphibian turnover is four times steeper than bird rates. This is the same factor by which average geographic ranges of birds are larger than those of amphibians. Narrow-ranged birds exhibit rapid rates of species turnover similar to those for amphibians, while wide-ranged birds largely drive the aggregate patterns of avian turnover. We confirm a strong influence of the environment on species turnover that is mediated by range sizes and regional history. In contrast to geographic patterns of species richness, we find that the turnover in one group (amphibians) is a much better predictor for the turnover in another (birds) than is environment. This result confirms the role of amphibian sensitivity to environmental conditions for patterns of turnover and supports their value as a surrogate group. This spatially-explicit analysis of environmental turnover provides understanding for conservation planning in changing environments.beta diversity ͉ biodiversity ͉ distance decay ͉ environmental gradients ͉ spatial turnover U nderstanding patterns of species turnover is central to both applied issues of conservation planning (1, 2) and to long-standing conceptual questions on the origin and distribution of biodiversity (3, 4). Linking these species turnover patterns to changes in environmental conditions is crucial to addressing how the edges of species' ranges are delineated (5). Both environmental dissimilarity and geographic distance are central causes of species turnover (6). Along local environmental gradients, species distributions often represent the outcome of competitive sorting (7,8). At broader scales, evolutionary histories of speciation and extinction, along with environmental conditions, constrain the richness and distribution of species (9-11). We examine how both the environment and species composition change over geographic space to disentangle the influence of environmental conditions and space on species turnover. This extends Whittaker's studies (8) of species turnover along environmental gradients to global scales.We term our examination of changes in species composition along spatial and environmental gradients species turnover (8,12). While beta diversity is often used synonymously with species turnover (13), beta diversity can also refer to mathematical part...

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History and Diversity: Explorations at the Intersection of Ecology and Evolution

Cited by 91 publications

References 0 publications

Island Species Richness Increases with Habitat Diversity

Island Species Richness Increases with Habitat Diversity

Speciation Has a Spatial Scale That Depends on Levels of Gene Flow

Linking global turnover of species and environments

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