Host-Microbe-Pathogen Interactions: A Review of Vibrio cholerae Pathogenesis in Drosophila

Abstract

Most animals maintain mutually beneficial symbiotic relationships with their intestinal microbiota. Resident microbes in the gastrointestinal tract breakdown indigestible food, provide essential nutrients, and, act as a barrier against invading microbes, such as the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae. Over the last decades, our knowledge of V. cholerae pathogenesis, colonization, and transmission has increased tremendously. A number of animal models have been used to study how V. cholerae interacts with host-derived resources to support gastrointestinal colonization. Here, we review studies on host-microbe interactions and how infection with V. cholerae disrupts these interactions, with a focus on contributions from the Drosophila melanogaster model. We will discuss studies that highlight the connections between symbiont, host, and V. cholerae metabolism; crosstalk between V. cholerae and host microbes; and the impact of the host immune system on the lethality of V. cholerae infection. These studies suggest that V. cholerae modulates host immune-metabolic responses in the fly and improves Vibrio fitness through competition with intestinal microbes.

Metabolic Alterations in Shrimp Stomach During Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease and Effects of Taurocholate on Vibrio parahaemolyticus

“…Key pathways altered during AHPND infection were: biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, primary bile acid biosynthesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and fatty acid biosynthesis (Figure 3B). This finding is similar to those seen in the Vibrio pathogenesis in drosophila, which also usually causes changes in lipid metabolism (Vanhove et al, 2017;Davoodi and Foley, 2020).…”

Endosymbionts Reduce Microbiome Diversity and Modify Host Metabolism and Fecundity in the Planthopper Sogatella furcifera

“…There are likely to be several classes of mechanisms by which endosymbionts affect bacterial microbiota. First, the endosymbionts and other bacteria depend on limited nutrition and space to survive and may be in a competitive relationship ( 41 , 42 ), which would reduce the abundance of less competitive bacteria. Endosymbionts are involved in an indirect interaction with other bacteria given that they live inside the cell, unlike gut bacteria ( 34 , 43 , 44 ).…”

In Silico-Guided Identification of New Potent Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrases Expressed in Vibrio cholerae

“…3−5 Consequently, an emerging challenge is to fight cholera by using antivirulence drug candidates in place of antibiotics. 6 It has been established that the ToxT activation is regulated by ion bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ) as intestinal pH buffer secreted by epithelial cells. 7 The bicarbonate production is mediated by carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) that are metalloenzymes catalyzing the reversible hydration of CO 2 .…”

“…The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae (Vch) is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease that is endemic in various Southeast Asian and African countries as well as regions of South America. , This pathology can lead to severe dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and death in the absence of therapeutic intervention. It is well-known that Vch colonizes gastro-intestinal lumen and causes pathological effects by producing virulence factors related to transcriptional regulator ToxT. − Consequently, an emerging challenge is to fight cholera by using antivirulence drug candidates in place of antibiotics . It has been established that the ToxT activation is regulated by ion bicarbonate (HCO 3 – ) as intestinal pH buffer secreted by epithelial cells .…”