“…Given their crucial role in influencing the surrounding habitats of dopant ions, such as spatial distance, coordination numbers, and energy transfer efficiency, UCL efficiency is directly tied to the host matrix. A large number of suitable hosts doped with transition-metal ions (3d, 4d, 5d) were investigated by Gudel and co-workers to show upconversion luminescence, for example Ti + , 57 V 3+ , 58 Cr 3+ , 59 Mn 2+ , 60 Ni 2+ , 56,61 Mo 3+ , 62,63 Re 4+ , 64,65 or Os 4+ 66 doped or co-doped alongside Ln 3+ in various halide compounds.…”