Host-Viral Interactions: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in Human Pneumovirus Infections

Kolli, Deepthi; Velayutham, Thangam Sudha; Casola, Antonella

doi:10.3390/pathogens2020232

Cited by 40 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 196 publications

(267 reference statements)

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“…Viral-infection-induced immune response via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (TLRs and RIG-I-like receptors) (41,42) leads to activation of transcription factors, such as NF-B and IRFs, resulting in induction of proinflammatory cytokines and IFNs (43). The signaling cascade downstream of RIG-I includes activation of the IKK-related kinase IKK␣/␤ and TBK-1, resulting in phosphorylation of IRFs (IRF3 and IRF7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNA 155 Regulates Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Induced Inflammatory Response by Targeting Src Homology 2-Containing Inositol Phosphatase 1

Thounaojam

Kundu

Kaushik

et al. 2014

J Virol

114

130

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded small RNA molecules that regulate various cellular processes. miRNA 155 (miR-155) regulates various aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses and plays a key role in various viral infections and the resulting neuroinflammation. The present study evaluated the involvement of miR-155 in modulating Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-induced neuroinflammation. We observed that miR-155 expression was upregulated during JEV infection of mouse primary microglia, the BV-2 microglia cell line, and in both mouse and human brains. In vitro and in vivo knockdown of miR-155 minimized JEV-induced inflammatory responses. In the present study, we confirmed targeting of the Src homology 2-containing inositol phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) 3= untranslated region (UTR) by miR-155 in the context of JEV infection. Inhibition of SHIP1 by miR-155 resulted in higher beta interferon (IFN-␤) and proinflammatory cytokine production through activation of TANKbinding kinase 1 (TBK-1). Based on these observations, we conclude that miR-155 modulates the neuroinflammatory response during JEV infection via negative regulation of SHIP1 expression. Thus, modulation of miR-155 could be a novel strategy to regulate JEV-induced neuroinflammation. IMPORTANCE Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the family Flaviviridae that causes Japanese encephalitis (JE), is the most common mosquito-borne encephalitis virus in the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus that causes Japanese encephalitis (JE) (1, 2). JE is endemic in most Southeast Asian countries (3, 4). The availability of an effective vaccine and an active immunization program have resulted in a reduced number of JE cases in a few countries (5). The early clinical features of JE include fever, headache, and vomiting. Two weeks after JEV infection, patients develop neurological symptoms, like seizure, tremor, photophobia, and movement disorder (6). These clinical features are not exclusive to JEV infection, and hence, laboratory diagnosis is needed to differentiate it from other neurological disorders. Detection of anti-JEV IgM antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum is frequently used to diagnose JE (7). The fatality rate of JEV infection is ϳ25%. A majority of survivors (ϳ50%) have neuropsychiatric sequelae; only ϳ25% recover completely (8). Hence, JEV poses major health concerns and economic burdens in the Asia-Pacific region. During the last decade, we and others have made significant progress in the understanding molecular mechanisms involved in JEV infection.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs ϳ19 to 22 nucleotides in length that regulate various cellular processes by binding to the 3= untranslated region (UTR) of target proteins, resulting in either degradation of RNA or translational suppression (9, 10). Our knowledge of the role of miRNAs in various diseases is expanding rapidly. Various reports support the role of miRNAs in neuroviral...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNA 155 Regulates Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Induced Inflammatory Response by Targeting Src Homology 2-Containing Inositol Phosphatase 1

Thounaojam

Kundu

Kaushik

et al. 2014

J Virol

114

130

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“…These cells also play a critical role in innate immunity, responding to microbial challenge and producing elevated levels of various cytokines that contribute to host innate defenses (Locati, Mantovani and Sica, 2013, Zanoni and Granucci, 2012, Striz, Brabcova, Kolesar and Sekerkova, 2014, den Haan and Kraal, 2012). These cells recognize and respond to microbial structures using pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs), which decorate the surface of the macrophage enabling uptake of antigenic components and triggering activation and phenotype plasticity after engagement of microbial or viral pathogens as ligands (Papadopoulos, Weinberg, Massari, Gibson, Wetzler, Morgan and Genco, 2013, Kolli, Velayutham and Casola, 2013, Salomao, Brunialti, Rapozo, Baggio-Zappia, Galanos and Freudenberg, 2012). As such in the gene expression patterns evaluated, TLR2 and TLR4 were both up-regulated in aged healthy tissues and in particular in aged periodontitis tissues, consistent with increases in the M1 phenotype of macrophages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Gene Expression Profiles Reflecting Macrophage Polarization in Aging and Periodontitis Gingival Tissues

González

Novak

Kirakodu

et al. 2015

Immunological Investigations

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SUMMARY Recent evidence has determined a phenotypic and functional heterogeneity for macrophage populations. This plasticity of macrophage function has been related to specific properties of subsets (M1, M2) of these cells in inflammation, adaptive immune responses, and resolution of tissue destructive processes. This investigation hypothesized that targeted alterations in the distribution of macrophage phenotypes in aged individuals, and with periodontitis would be skewed towards M1 inflammatory macrophages in gingival tissues. The study used a nonhuman primate model to evaluate gene expression profiles as footprints of macrophage variation in healthy and periodontitis gingival tissues from animals 3–23 years of age and in periodontitis tissues in adult and aged animals. Significant increases in multiple genes reflecting overall increases in macrophage activities were observed in healthy aged tissues, and were significantly increased in periodontitis tissues from both adults and aged animals. Generally, gene expression patterns for M2 macrophages were similar in healthy young, adolescent, and adult tissues. However, modest increases were noted in healthy aged tissues, similar to those seen in periodontitis tissues from both age groups. M1 macrophage gene transcription patterns increased significantly over the age range in healthy tissues, with multiple genes (e.g. CCL13, CCL19, CCR7, TLR4) significantly increased in aged animals. Additionally, gene expression patterns for M1 macrophages were significantly increased in adult health versus periodontitis and aged healthy versus periodontitis. The findings supported a significant increase in macrophages with aging and in periodontitis. The primary increases in both healthy aged tissues and, particularly periodontitis tissues appeared in the M1 phenotype.

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“…In addition, we used epithelial cells such as HEK293T and HeLa, which are very susceptible to viral replication. It was recently reported that HEK293T (Graham et al, 2014) and HeLa (Kolli et al, 2013) cells have fewer PRRs than Tolllike receptors (TLRs). This finding means that an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai may contain active components that can bind or penetrate the cell membrane.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Interferon-mediated antiviral activities of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its active components

Weeratunga

Uddin

Kim³

et al. 2016

J Microbiol.

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Angelica tenuissima Nakai is a widely used commodity in traditional medicine. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted on the antiviral and immune-modulatory properties of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai. In the present study, we evaluated the antiviral activities and the mechanism of action of an aqueous extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, an effective dose of Angelica tenuissima Nakai markedly inhibited the replication of Influenza A virus (PR8), Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Coxsackie virus, and Enterovirus (EV-71) on epithelial (HEK293T/HeLa) and immune (RAW264.7) cells. Such inhibition can be described by the induction of the antiviral state in cells by antiviral, IFNrelated gene induction and secretion of IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vivo, Angelica tenuissima Nakai treated BALB/c mice displayed higher survivability and lower lung viral titers when challenged with lethal doses of highly pathogenic influenza A subtypes (H1N1, H5N2, H7N3, and H9N2). We also found that Angelica tenuissima Nakai can induce the secretion of IL-6, IFN-λ, and local IgA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Angelica tenuissima Nakai treated mice, which correlating with the observed prophylactic effects. In HPLC analysis, we found the presence of several compounds in the aqueous fraction and among them; we evaluated antiviral properties of ferulic acid. Therefore, an extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its components, including ferulic acid, play roles as immunomodulators and may be potential candidates for novel anti-viral/anti-influenza agents.

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Host-Viral Interactions: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in Human Pneumovirus Infections

Cited by 40 publications

References 196 publications

MicroRNA 155 Regulates Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Induced Inflammatory Response by Targeting Src Homology 2-Containing Inositol Phosphatase 1

MicroRNA 155 Regulates Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Induced Inflammatory Response by Targeting Src Homology 2-Containing Inositol Phosphatase 1

Differential Gene Expression Profiles Reflecting Macrophage Polarization in Aging and Periodontitis Gingival Tissues

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Interferon-mediated antiviral activities of Angelica tenuissima Nakai and its active components

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