Hot head-out water immersion does not acutely alter dynamic cerebral autoregulation or cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia

Worley, Morgan L.; Reed, Emma L.; Kueck, Paul J.; Dirr, J.; Klaes, Nathan; Schlader, Zachary J.; Johnson, Blair D.

doi:10.1080/23328940.2021.1894067

Cited by 4 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Additionally, an increase in HR and a decrease in MAP are observed. CBFv is reduced when diving into hot water (3,4,13). Although CBFv is reduced, no change in cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia is observed during or after hot water (3,4).…”

Section: Cerebral Blood Flow In Warm Watermentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Carotid artery blood flow and shear rate increase in hot water (4). These increases do not positively affect the MCAv (3,4,13). Worley et al (4) stated that this increased blood flow in the carotid artery could be directed to the external carotid artery for thermoregulation.…”

Section: Cerebral Blood Flow In Warm Watermentioning

confidence: 98%

“…CBFv is reduced when diving into hot water (3,4,13). Although CBFv is reduced, no change in cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia is observed during or after hot water (3,4). Nitric oxide produced in the vasculature contributes to CBFv increases (8,23).…”

Section: Cerebral Blood Flow In Warm Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, brain blood flow responses in water exercise and water immersion conditions have been evaluated in a limited number of studies. Physiological mechanisms that regulate cerebral blood flow are triggered differently in water, depending on the temperature of the water and hydrostatic pressure (3,4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The physiological mechanisms and interactions in regulating cerebral blood flow during HOWI are not fully understood. Studies have shown an increase of ~7%-23% in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) in thermoneutral water conditions (4,8,9). Many physiological mechanisms affect the regulation of CBFv during water immersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism During Vertical Immersion and In-Water Exercise

TÜRKMEN

GÜDÜCÜ

Bediz

et al. 2022

Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences

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Vertical head-out water immersion has different physiological effects on the human body system due to hydrostatic pressure and different water temperatures. This review examines the changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolism during head-out water immersion and in-water exercise. Systematic research was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus databases, by binary research methods. It included 11 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Studies have shown that acutely vertical head-out immersion in thermoneutral water and in-water exercise positively affects the circulation and metabolism of the brain. In healthy people, vertical immersion in thermoneutral water increases brain activity by increasing cerebral artery velocity and oxygenation. But, acutely, immersion in hot and cold water does not have a positive effect on cerebral circulation.

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Section: Cerebral Blood Flow In Warm Watermentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Cerebral Blood Flow In Warm Watermentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Cerebral Blood Flow In Warm Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism During Vertical Immersion and In-Water Exercise

TÜRKMEN

GÜDÜCÜ

Bediz

et al. 2022

Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences

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Pre-exercise hot water immersion increased circulatory heat shock proteins but did not alter muscle damage markers or endurance capacity after eccentric exercise

Tan,

Low,

Soong

et al. 2024

Temperature

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Pre-exercise passive heating attenuates muscle damage caused by eccentric exercise in rats where the induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) confers a myoprotective effect. We investigated whether pre-exercise hot water immersion (HWI) confers similar benefits in humans. Eleven recreational male athletes were immersed in 41°C water up to 60 min or until rectal temperatures reached 39.5°C. After a 6 h rest, the participants performed an eccentric downhill run for 1 h at −4% gradient to induce muscle damage. An endurance capacity test at 75% VO 2max was conducted 18 h later. The control trial was similar except that participants were immersed at 34°C. Blood samples were collected to assess HSPs levels, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Plasma eHSP70 was higher post-immersion in HWI trials (1.3 ± 0.4 vs 1.1 ± 0.4; p = 0.005). Plasma eHSP27 was higher before ( p = 0.049) and after ( p = 0.015) endurance test in HWI. Leukocytic p-HSP27 was increased 18 h after HWI (0.97 ± 0.14 vs 0.67 ± 0.11; p = 0.04). Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were increased by 3-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively, after endurance test in HWI but did not differ across trials ( p > 0.05). Mean heart rates were higher during eccentric run and endurance test in HWI as compared to control ( p < 0.05). Endurance capacity was similar between trials (57.3 ± 11.5 min vs 55.0 ± 13.5 min; p = 0.564). Pre-exercise heating increased the expression of plasma eHSPs and leukocytic p-HSP27 but did not reduce muscle damage nor enhance endurance capacity.

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The independent effects of hydrostatic pressure and hypercapnic breathing during water immersion on ventilatory sensitivity and cerebrovascular reactivity

Sackett,

Schlader,

Hostler

et al. 2024

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Head out water immersion (HOWI) induces ventilatory and hemodynamic changes, which may be a result of hydrostatic pressure, augmented arterial CO2 tension, or a combination of both. We hypothesized that the hydrostatic pressure and elevated CO2 tension that occur during HOWI will contribute to an augmented ventilatory sensitivity to CO2 and an attenuated cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 during water immersion. Twelve subjects (age: 24±3 y, BMI: 25±3 kg/m2) completed HOWI, waist water immersion with CO2 (WWI+CO2), and WWI where a rebreathing test was conducted at baseline, 10, 30, and 60 minutes, and post. PETCO2, minute ventilation, expired gases, blood pressure, heart rate, and middle cerebral artery blood velocity were recorded continuously. PETCO2 increased throughout all visits (p£0.011), was matched during HOWI and WWI+CO2 (p³0.264), and was greater during WWI+CO2 vs. WWI at 10, 30, and 60 minutes (p<0.001). When HOWI vs. WWI+CO2 were compared, the change in ventilatory sensitivity to CO2 was different at 10 (0.59±0.34 vs. 0.06±0.23 L/min/mmHg, p<0.001), 30 (0.58±0.46 vs. 0.15±0.25 L/min/mmHg, p<0.001), and 60 minutes (0.63±0.45 vs. 0.16±0.34 L/min/mmHg, p<0.001), while there were no differences between conditions for cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 (p³0.163). When WWI+CO2 vs. WWI were compared, ventilatory sensitivity to CO2 was not different between conditions (p³0.642), while the change in cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 was different at 30 minutes (-0.56±0.38 vs. -0.30±0.25 cm/s/mmHg, p=0.010). These data indicate that during HOWI ventilatory sensitivity to CO2 increases due to the hydrostatic pressure, while cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 decreases due to the combined effects of immersion.

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Hot head-out water immersion does not acutely alter dynamic cerebral autoregulation or cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia

Cited by 4 publications

References 71 publications

Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism During Vertical Immersion and In-Water Exercise

Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism During Vertical Immersion and In-Water Exercise

Pre-exercise hot water immersion increased circulatory heat shock proteins but did not alter muscle damage markers or endurance capacity after eccentric exercise

The independent effects of hydrostatic pressure and hypercapnic breathing during water immersion on ventilatory sensitivity and cerebrovascular reactivity

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