How Green are Redox Flow Batteries?

Ebner, S.; Spirk, Stefan; Stern, Tobias; Mair-Bauernfeind, Claudia

doi:10.1002/cssc.202201818

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(421 reference statements)

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“…Assessing sustainability of ARFBs is also another important thing for determining the optimal ARFB system, while ARFB itself is a sustainable ESS and an endurable system that can operate for a long time. For example, VRFBs can induce lower environmentally negative impacts than LIBs because technologies required for their operation are cleaner than those needed for the operation of LIBs, especially in a prospect of global warming potential and human toxicity. , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost, Performance, and Sustainability of Redox Flow Batteries Using 4,5-Dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic Acid and Vanadium Enhanced by Cross Compensation of the Activation Process

Lee

Park

Kwon

2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) receive attention as a promising energy storage device due to high efficiency and excellent long-term durability although vanadium ore is expensive. To address this price issue, cheap quinone RFBs (QRFBs) using anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid and 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid (tiron) are introduced. However, QRFBs require additional activation process of tiron. To alleviate the issues of VRFBs and QRFBs, new RFBs using vanadium and tiron as the anolyte and catholyte are suggested. This redox couple can exchange their activation process mutually. Thus, additional electrolytes are not needed, saving the considerable amount of active materials. Regarding performance, cell voltage of the new RFBs (1.2 V) is higher than that of QRFBs (0.76 V), while their capacity retention (decay rate of 0.044% cycle −1 ) is better than that of VRFBs (decay rate of 0.12% cycle −1 ). Bismuth-based catalysts further increase the energy density of new RFBs because they promote the reactivity of V 2+ /V 3+ redox reaction. Even in economic prospect, cost-normalized discharge energy density of new RFBs (0.98 Wh L −1 $ −1 ) is better than that of VRFBs (0.75 Wh L −1 $ −1 ) and QRFBs (0.15 Wh L −1 $ −1 ), confirming that RFBs using vanadium and tiron have benefits regarding cost, stability, and performance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost, Performance, and Sustainability of Redox Flow Batteries Using 4,5-Dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic Acid and Vanadium Enhanced by Cross Compensation of the Activation Process

Lee

Park

Kwon

2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Meanwhile, many challenges remain in current RFBs, such as low energy density and energy storage efficiencies, and substantial system life-cycle costs. 20,21 Metal complexes, whose redox potential can be feasibly tuned by using different organic ligands, are considered potential candidates for redox couples of flow batteries. 22−24 A previous study has indicated the promise of the iron triethanolamine (TEA) complex (Fe(TEA)) for the alkaline RFB system.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, many other redox couple combinations like Zn/Br, , Fe/Cr, − Zn/Ce, , and all-Fe − have been developed in search for an alternative, low-cost RFB system. Meanwhile, many challenges remain in current RFBs, such as low energy density and energy storage efficiencies, and substantial system life-cycle costs. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An All-Soluble Fe/Mn-Based Alkaline Redox Flow Battery System

Shen,

Kellamis,

Tam

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are membrane-separated rechargeable flow cells with redox electrolytes, offering the potential for large-scale energy storage and supporting renewable energy grids. Yet, creating a cost-effective, high-performance RFB system is challenging. In this work, we investigate an Fe/Mn RFB alkaline system based on the [(TEA)Fe−O−Fe(TEA)] 3−/4− and MnO 4 −/2− redox couples with a theoretical cell voltage of ∼1.43 V. This combination has not been systematically studied previously, but it can lead to a very low-cost and sustainable materials for high energy storage. Constant current cycling tests were performed at ±41 mA cm −2 between 20% and 80% SOC over 800 h (400 cycles) with an apparent Coulombic efficiency (CE) approaching 100%, while the voltage efficiency (VE) gradually decreased from ∼75.3% to ∼61.4% due to increasing internal resistances. The voltage efficiency loss can be mitigated through a periodic acid treatment to remove MnO 2 deposits from the separator.

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“…Overall, due to its relatively low price and the very positive value of the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) redox couple, Ce would be an excellent choice for use in redox flow battery technology for large-scale energy storage. Another advantage of this system is that cerium is much less toxic than the components of all-vanadium flow batteries [19,20]. The electrode reactions and total reaction are shown as follows:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Performance of Hybrid Zn-Ce Redox Flow Battery by Controlling Ion Crossover and Use of Mixed Acid Positive Electrolyte

Yu,

Pritzker,

Gostick

2024

Preprint

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In this study, the crossover of the electroactive species Zn(II), Ce(III), Ce(IV) and H+ across a Nafion 117 membrane was measured experimentally during the operation of a bench-scale hybrid Zn-Ce redox flow battery containing 0.8 mol/L cerium methanesulfonate in 4 mol/L methanesulfonic acid (MSA) or 2 mol/L MSA–0.5 mol/L H2SO4 mixed acid on the positive side and 1.5 mol/L ZnMSA in 1 mol/L MSA on the negative side. As much as 36% of the initial Zn(II) ions transferred from the negative to the positive electrolyte and 42.5% of the H+ in the positive electrolyte crossed over to the negative electrolyte after 30 charge-discharge cycles. Both of these phenomena contributed to the steady fade in battery performance over the course of operation. Based on these findings, additional experiments were conducted in which different amounts of Zn(II) were intentionally added to the positive electrolytes. This action was shown to have several beneficial effects: by reducing the crossover of Zn(II) from the negative electrolyte to the positive electrolyte, the battery coulombic and voltage efficiencies both improved, the decay of battery performance over the 30 charge-discharge cycles was reduced, the kinetics of the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) redox couple were enhanced, and inhibition of O2 evolution was observed. The average energy efficiency over 30 charge-discharge cycles was increased by 19.7% by adding 0.6 mol/L Zn(II) to 4 mol/L MSA positive supporting electrolyte and 6.4% by adding 0.4 mol/L Zn(II) to 2 mol/L MSA–0.5 mol/L H2SO4.

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How Green are Redox Flow Batteries?

Cited by 17 publications

References 92 publications

Cost, Performance, and Sustainability of Redox Flow Batteries Using 4,5-Dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic Acid and Vanadium Enhanced by Cross Compensation of the Activation Process

Cost, Performance, and Sustainability of Redox Flow Batteries Using 4,5-Dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic Acid and Vanadium Enhanced by Cross Compensation of the Activation Process

An All-Soluble Fe/Mn-Based Alkaline Redox Flow Battery System

Improving Performance of Hybrid Zn-Ce Redox Flow Battery by Controlling Ion Crossover and Use of Mixed Acid Positive Electrolyte

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