How natural processes contribute to flood protection - A sustainable adaptation scheme for a wide green dike

Marijnissen, Richard; Esselink, Peter; Kok, Matthijs; Kroeze, Carolien; Loon-Steensma, J.M. van

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139698

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Aside from providing material for the dike, the borrowing pits serve two additional purposes: to create an additional sediment sink in the turbid Dollard and thus improve water quality, and to create a breeding island for birds. The current borrowing pit is expected to be refilled within 20 years, after which it can be re-excavated (Marijnissen et al, 2020a). While clay pits do re-create pioneer marsh vegetation (Vöge, Reiss, & Kröncke, 2008), large scale clay extraction should be managed to avoid trade-offs for nature values, further permanent marsh loss or impede the marsh's capacity to accrete in response to sea-level rise.…”

Section: Wide Green Dike At the Dollardmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the choice to preserve the landscape value of a green grass dike and re-use clay extracted from the estuary, the dike's slope was made less steep to increase the resistance of the dike to wave impacts (Marijnissen et al, 2020a). Thus, multifunctional use directed the design of the dike's geometry.…”

Section: Framework For Linking Multifunctional Design To Flood Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The four components to combine flood protection with other functions

Marijnissen¹,

Kok²,

Kroeze³

et al. 2021

Science and Practice for an Uncertain Future

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Multifunctional flood defence systems combine flood defence functions with elements in the flood protection zone that fulfil other functions like nature, housing or agriculture. The wide range in possible combinations of dike configurations and functions complicates a unified approach for designing and assessing multifunctional flood defences. The aim of this paper is to describe how multifunctional elements and flood protection can be linked in an integrated design. We analyse three cases: a typical Dutch riverine dike, the Wide Green Dike in the Dollard estuary, and the Double Dike project at Eemshaven-Delfzijl. These cases include additional functions ranging from nature, to clay mining, and saline agriculture among others. From these examples a framework connecting multifunctional use to flood risk was developed. Such other functions affect flood risk by interacting with four general components of the flood defence: 1) the foreshore 2) the geometry of the flood defence system, 3) the (state of) materials used for flood protection elements, and 4) objects in, on or near the flood protection zone. For the first three components assessment procedures for monofunctional dikes can be followed. Objects require new procedures as these can introduce new modes of failure, directly interact with the hydraulic loads and generate new loads.

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Section: Wide Green Dike At the Dollardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Framework For Linking Multifunctional Design To Flood Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

The four components to combine flood protection with other functions

Marijnissen¹,

Kok²,

Kroeze³

et al. 2021

Science and Practice for an Uncertain Future

Self Cite

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“…A constant slope of 1/4000 across the Dollard marsh was determined from the AHN2 elevation map [65] and a representative width of the marsh of 750 m. We did not consider the attenuation of storm surges or the attenuation of waves by stems of vegetation, and instead focused solely on the effect of marsh accretion, as wave heights and marsh inundation are expected to be too severe under design storm conditions (see Table 1 and Section 3.5) for a significant influence. We employed a similar approach as that used in Marijnissen et al [66] to determine dike dimensions in a wide green dike system. The accretion of the marsh by suspended sediment was simulated under a constant sea-level rise rate (Processes 1 and 2 in Figure 2; see Section 3.3) for a 20 year period.…”

Section: Model Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rates of sea-level rise were chosen between 3 and 20 mm/y to cover the range of sea-level rise rates for the Wadden Sea in RCP scenarios for this century [68]. The suspended sediment concentration was taken from the study of the wide green dike [66] and halved or doubled to cover a wide range of potential futures and measures affecting the sediment supply. The marsh edge retreat rate was based on a scenario of marsh conservation and/or no retreat, and rates of 1 and 2 m/yr of retreat.…”

Section: Model Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Observed rates of retreat average between +0.4 and −1.7 m/yr [69]. Finally, we consider different marsh management scenarios based on the three classes of sediment density found in the marsh [66]. A value of 398 kg/m 3 represents no compaction or little compaction, 873 kg/m 3 represents compaction under the current management with grazing of the marsh, and 1208 kg/m 3 represents heavy compaction from extensive use of the marsh with heavy equipment.…”

Section: Model Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Sensitivity of a Dike-Marsh System to Sea-Level Rise—A Model-Based Exploration

Marijnissen

Kok

Kroeze

et al. 2020

JMSE

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Integrating natural components in flood defence infrastructure can add resilience to sea-level rise. Natural foreshores can keep pace with sea-level rise by accumulating sediment and attenuate waves before reaching the adjacent flood defences. In this study we address how natural foreshores affect the future need for dike heightening. A simplified model of vertical marsh accretion was combined with a wave model and a probabilistic evaluation of dike failure by overtopping. The sensitivity of a marsh-dike system was evaluated in relation to a combination of processes: (1) sea-level rise, (2) changes in sediment concentration, (3) a retreat of the marsh edge, and (4) compaction of the marsh. Results indicate that foreshore processes considerably affect the need for dike heightening in the future. At a low sea-level rise rate, the marshes can accrete such that dike heightening is partially mitigated. But with sea-level rise accelerating, a threshold is reached where dike heightening needs to compensate for the loss of marshes, and for increasing water levels. The level of the threshold depends mostly on the delivery of sediment and degree of compaction on the marsh; with sufficient width of the marsh, lateral erosion only has a minor effect. The study shows how processes and practices that hamper or enhance marsh development today exacerbate or alleviate the challenge of flood protection posed by accelerated sea-level rise.

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Ecohydrology and flood risk management under climate vulnerability in relation to the sustainable development goals (SDGs): a case study in Nagaa Mobarak Village, Egypt

et al. 2022

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This article aims to provide a thorough assessment of water quality and quantity incorporating the estimation of future patterns as a result of climate change from economic, environmental and social perspectives. Its scope extends from studying the physical parameters and rainfall patterns to maintaining an environmental flow with a better water quality using ecohydrological techniques. The village of Nagaa Mobarak in Souhag, Egypt, is taken as a case study being in a critical location that is vulnerable to flash floods. This paper managed to quantify change in water quantity and quality due to the impacts of flash floods and climate change. Several traditional engineering alternatives are proposed for flood management such as constructing a dam, a storage pond and a routing channel to the nearest water body; as well as non-traditional ecohydrological alternatives such as constructing a dam with vegetated foreshore, natural levees and constructed wetlands. The results of applying these methods for our case study showed that a hybrid solution that employs both traditional and non-traditional solutions for flood management is optimal. A constructed wetland along a section of the constructed channel for diverting flow into the Nagaa Hammade Canal would decrease the runoff volume and peak time so that the capacity of the Canal is not exceeded in a flood event and purifies the incoming stormwater improving its quality and the health of the ecosystem within the canal. Moreover, our proposed approach was investigated and found to target 10 out of the 17 UN SDGs.

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How natural processes contribute to flood protection - A sustainable adaptation scheme for a wide green dike

Cited by 26 publications

References 48 publications

The four components to combine flood protection with other functions

The four components to combine flood protection with other functions

The Sensitivity of a Dike-Marsh System to Sea-Level Rise—A Model-Based Exploration

Ecohydrology and flood risk management under climate vulnerability in relation to the sustainable development goals (SDGs): a case study in Nagaa Mobarak Village, Egypt

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