How Reel Middle Easterners’ Portrayals Cultivate Stereotypical Beliefs and Policy Support

Hawkins, Ian; Coles, Stewart M.; Saleem, Muniba; Moorman, Jessica D.; Aqel, Haleemah

doi:10.1080/15205436.2022.2062000

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Also, EDM is popular in the Middle East and hence it was relatively easy to find music with similar beat and tempo to the US equivalent. Attitudes towards people from the Middle East are ambivalent in the US (Hawkins et al, 2022), and hence this was a promising target group for the current investigation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seeking Others’ Sounds: Predictors of Voluntary Exposure to Outgroup Music

et al. 2022

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Intergroup contact research demonstrates that contact with outgroups (including mediated contact) improves attitudes about those groups. However, people often avoid such contact, including avoiding outgroup media messages. In two studies, we investigated voluntary exposure to outgroup media. Our research builds on intergroup contact theory and the reactive approach model. The latter suggests (counterintuitively) that, sometimes, anxiety can motivate people to engage with the unfamiliar. Both studies measured potential predictors of voluntary contact, provided musical options for respondents, and measured which options people chose as well as their engagement with and enjoyment of those choices. Study 1 provided a simple choice between two musical options (ingroup versus outgroup); Study 2 used a more extensive array of ingroup and outgroup options, including ingroup-outgroup collaborative music. Findings suggest a limited role of personality traits in determining seeking outgroup media, but a more powerful role for diversity-related attitudes and past exposure to outgroup media. Some evidence supported reactive approach models (e.g., selfexpansion motives drove time spent listening to outgroup media in Study 1, but only for people who reported high levels of intergroup anxiety).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seeking Others’ Sounds: Predictors of Voluntary Exposure to Outgroup Music

et al. 2022

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“…Another possibility is that, while Americans' do not seem to diplomatically evaluate Middle East countries based on their patterns of news use, they may instead base such evaluations of Muslim-majority nations and a Jewish-majority nation on portrayals of Muslims and Jews in entertainment media. This would likely be problematic, as Jews and especially Muslims (Hawkins et al, 2022) are often portrayed in entertainment media in negative, stereotypical ways. Future research might examine entertainment media use measures as correlates with diplomatic ratings, especially assessments of Middle East countries.…”

Section: Limitations and Subsequent Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

A “regional halo effect”: Media use and evaluations of America's strategic relationships with five Middle East countries

Martin

Alkazemi

Sharma

2023

International Communication Gazette

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Countries in the Middle East go to considerable lengths using mass media to try to maintain or improve their images among the U.S. public. The same countries often engage in negative media campaigns in the U.S. against each other, attempting to bring down public support for regional rivals. This study examined diplomatic evaluations of five Middle East countries—rating Saudi Arabia, Israel, Palestine, Qatar, and UAE as an ally, neutral, or enemy of the U.S.—among a large, representative sample of U.S. adults ( N = 2059), and assessed measures of news use, social media use, political partisanship, and demographic variables as predictors of the evaluations. News use and other media use predicted little variance in diplomatic ratings; the strongest predictors of positive ratings of a given country were having rated one or more of the other countries positively also—what we term a “regional halo effect.” A key implication of this study is that attempting to harm public perceptions of a regional rival may be self-defeating for a given country, as negative attitudes toward the former country are associated with poor attitudes toward the latter.

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“…In addition, only 22% of YouTube videos preferred by young children (up to age 8) feature a character who is BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and people of color) in a prominent role (Rollins et al, 2022). Although the breadth of these depictions has improved in recent years, youth consuming TV and film content are still likely to see Black characters overrepresented as verbally aggressive, dangerous, and sexually objectified; Latinx characters overrepresented as hypersexual and of low professional status; Asian characters portrayed as less likable and in stereotypical roles (e.g., martial artist, nerdy sidekick); and Middle Eastern/North African characters portrayed mainly as terrorists (Besana et al, 2019; Glascock & Preston‐Schreck, 2018; Hawkins et al, 2022; McTaggart et al, 2021; Tukachinsky et al, 2015). Youth might also notice White TV characters eliciting more favorable nonverbal responses from other characters than do Black characters (Weisbuch et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Media use and the development of racial attitudes among U.S. youth

Ward

Bridgewater

2023

Child Dev Perspectives

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Because media provide a steady stream of models, they are especially poised to offer formative information about race. Yet although U.S. youth consume approximately 7 h of media daily, we know little about how media use contributes to their developing racial attitudes. Instead, research has focused mainly on adults, and studies of youth have developed along separate tracks for youth who are White and BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and people of color). In this article, we first analyze the lack of attention to media effects on the development of racial attitudes, despite their assumed prominence as socializers. Then we summarize research on youth of color and White youth. We conclude with suggestions for building a comprehensive research agenda, including addressing gaps in the associations tested, considering more nuanced assessments of race and media, and integrating approaches across fields.

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How Reel Middle Easterners’ Portrayals Cultivate Stereotypical Beliefs and Policy Support

Cited by 10 publications

References 41 publications

Seeking Others’ Sounds: Predictors of Voluntary Exposure to Outgroup Music

Seeking Others’ Sounds: Predictors of Voluntary Exposure to Outgroup Music

A “regional halo effect”: Media use and evaluations of America's strategic relationships with five Middle East countries

Media use and the development of racial attitudes among U.S. youth

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