“…Our research contributes to the coopetition literature by showing for the first time how companies can successfully manage oligo-coopetition strategies in the absence of a moderating third party. More precisely, first, our research contributes to knowledge on coopetition strategy by showing how three distinct oligo-coopetitive strategies can co-exist on different stages of the value chain (e.g., Chiambaretto & Dumez, 2016), including vertical (e.g., Lacoste, 2012;Lechner et al, 2016;Soppe et al, 2014) and horizontal (Choi et al, 2010;Hannachi & Coléno, 2012) , with different levels of risk, costs, and innovativeness Bez & Chesbrough, 2020).…”