How Warnings about False Claims Become Recommendations

Skurnik, Ian; Yoon, Carolyn; Park, Denise C.; Schwarz, Norbert

doi:10.1086/426605

Cited by 341 publications

(286 citation statements)

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“…This "illusion of truth" was stronger for older adults than younger adults. Although Skurnik et al 33 did not measure affective responses to the claims, their findings are consistent with the notion that the affect associated with the mere (even subliminal) exposure to stimuli can influence preferences.34 , 35 Older adults may tend to forget important message details, relying instead on how they feel about the message to determine their evaluations and choices. The affect coming from the positive feelings of familiarity created by mere exposure to the message is less helpful information than the content of the message (at least in this case where the health claims are false).…”

Section: Feelings As Informationmentioning

confidence: 68%

Emotion, affect, and risk communication with older adults: challenges and opportunities

Finucane

2008

Journal of Risk Research

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Recent research suggests that emotion, affect, and cognition play important roles in risk perception and that their roles in judgment and decision-making processes may change over the lifespan. This paper discusses how emotion and affect might help or hinder risk communication with older adults. Currently, there are few guidelines for developing effective risk messages for the world's aging population, despite the array of complex risk decisions that come with increasing age and the importance of maintaining good decision making in later life. Age-related declines in cognitive abilities such as memory and processing speed, increased reliance on automatic processes, and adaptive motivational shifts toward focusing more on affective (especially positive) information mean that older and younger adults may respond differently to risk messages. Implications for specific risk information formats (probabilities, frequencies, visual displays, and narratives) are discussed and directions for future research are highlighted.

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Section: Feelings As Informationmentioning

confidence: 68%

Emotion, affect, and risk communication with older adults: challenges and opportunities

Finucane

2008

Journal of Risk Research

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“…to understand the interplay between the two systems' processing features on the truth effect itself (and not memory's role in it), it is preferable to use manipulations that only distinguish between system 1 and system 2 at the moment when truth judgments are made. few experiments have done this, and those that have only did so indirectly, either by including older adults in the samples (e.g., skurnik, yoon, park, & schwarz, 2005) or delaying the interval between the familiarization and truth evaluation phases (e.g., bacon, 1979;brown & nix, 1996;garcia-marques, silva, Reber, & Unkelbach, 2015;hasher et al, 1977;hawkins & hoch, 1992;skurnik et al, 2005). these studies also showed that illusions of truth are not dependent on explicit memory because delaying the truth evaluation up to a month (e.g., brown & nix, 1996) did not eliminate the effect; in some cases, it even boosted it (e.g., hawkins & hoch, 1992).…”

Section: The Dual-process Account Of the Illusion Of Truth Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Judging the Truth-Value of a Statement In and Out of a Deep Processing Context

Garcia‐Marques¹,

Silva²,

Mello³

2016

Social Cognition

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Individuals judge fluently processed statements truer than disfluent statements, which reflects an illusion of truth. A dual-processing approach to the truth effect suggests that cognitive resources and motivation for accuracy should moderate this effect. however, previous research has only manipulated participants' capacity during the encoding of the statements. We directly test an account of the truth effect based on processing features of system 1, manipulating both capacity and motivation at the time of the truth judgments. fluency was manipulated either through repetition (Experiment 1) or perceptual contrast (Experiment 2). Congruent with dualistic assumptions, the evaluations of participants in the high-capacity and highmotivation conditions differed from those of participants in the other three conditions. however, the pattern of the truth effect in that specific condition was not the same in both experiments: in Experiment 1, the illusion of truth was only reduced, whereas the effect was completely reversed in Experiment 2.

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“…The first is the degree of false beliefs espoused by many participants and the fact that they are reinforced by the media and politicians (see Every & Augoustinos, 2008). In one study, it was found that if you consistently hear something, false or otherwise, you are much more likely to remember it (Skurnik, Yoon, Park, & Schwarz, 2005). In the Skurnik et al (2005) study, participants were told that information was false.…”

Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one study, it was found that if you consistently hear something, false or otherwise, you are much more likely to remember it (Skurnik, Yoon, Park, & Schwarz, 2005). In the Skurnik et al (2005) study, participants were told that information was false. In the short term, they remembered this correctly.…”

Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

False Beliefs About Asylum Seekers to Australia: The Role of Confidence in Such Beliefs, Prejudice, and the Third Person Effect

Pedersen

Hartley

2017

Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology

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T here has been much controversy about the treatment of asylum seekers in Australia in recent years, with the Australian Government continuing to enforce a very hard-line stance on asylum seekers who arrive to Australia by boat. The present study examined attitudes towards asylum seekers using 164 Australian community members during June 2015 by way of questionnaire. Our primary research question involved how five variables predicted false beliefs about asylum seekers. Specifically, we measured prejudice, the third-person effect, and confidence in the answers given to false beliefs about asylum seekers. Regression results indicated that the main predictors of false beliefs were right-wing political orientation, prejudice, confidence in espousing false beliefs, and the third-person effect (politicians). Furthermore, most of our community participants accepted a large number of false beliefs as being true, with approximately two-thirds of our participants scoring above the midpoint. This reflects similar findings over the last decade or so. Our results indicate that, if one believes in bottom-up change, a more nuanced approach needs to be undertaken with community anti-prejudice interventions.Keywords: asylum seekers, refugees, false beliefs, confidence, prejudice, third-person effect There has been much controversy about the treatment of asylum seekers in Australia in recent years, with the Australian Government continuing to enforce a very hardline stance on asylum seekers who arrive to Australia by boat. While community sentiment is mixed, with some Australians feeling compassion for asylum seekers (Surawski, Pedersen, & Briskman, 2008), many Australians have highly negative or prejudiced attitudes towards them (Markus, 2015). This is despite the fact that their arrival by boat does not violate any international or national law. Indeed, Markus (2015) found that many respondents of a community poll (approximately one-third) believed asylum-seeker boats should be turned back without asylum claims being assessed. We do not go into great detail about Australia's asylum-seeker policies as these can be found elsewhere (e.g., Fleay, 2010); however, suffice to say that they are extremely harsh, designed to both deter and punish asylum seekers who attempt to enter Australia by boat (Penovic, 2016). Furthermore, the fact that Australia's asylum-seeker policy regime (e.g., mandatoryAddress for correspondence: Anne Pedersen, Centre for Human Rights Education, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth WA 6102, Australia. Email: anne.pedersen@curtin.edu.au detention) is harmful both psychologically and physically to people seeking asylum cannot be disputed (Coffey, Kaplan, Sampson, & Tucci, 2010;Davidson, Murray, & Schweitzer, 2008;Steele et al., 2004). In response to various aspects of Australia's asylum-seeker policy, there has been considerable outrage from some quarters, including the Australian Human Rights Commission (2014). Relevantly, psychology's peak body strongly opposes Australia's immigration detention ...

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How Warnings about False Claims Become Recommendations

Cited by 341 publications

References 25 publications

Emotion, affect, and risk communication with older adults: challenges and opportunities

Emotion, affect, and risk communication with older adults: challenges and opportunities

Judging the Truth-Value of a Statement In and Out of a Deep Processing Context

False Beliefs About Asylum Seekers to Australia: The Role of Confidence in Such Beliefs, Prejudice, and the Third Person Effect

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