Hox Genes in the Parasitic Platyhelminthes Mesocestoides corti, Echinococcus multilocularis, and Schistosoma mansoni: Evidence for a Reduced Hox Complement

Koziol, Uriel; Lalanne, Ana I.; Castillo, Estela

doi:10.1007/s10528-008-9210-6

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Taenia asiatica, Hymenolepis microstoma, Mesocestoides corti, and Echinococcus multilocularis ) as well as free-living flatworms (e.g. Schmidtea mediterranea ) [27–30]. In the present study, all developmental stages of E. granulosus showed some degree of HoxB7 expression.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 46%

Differential Expression of Hox and Notch Genes in Larval and Adult Stages of Echinococcus granulosus

et al. 2016

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This investigation aimed to evaluate the differential expression of HoxB7 and notch genes in different developmental stages of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. The expression of HoxB7 gene was observed at all developmental stages. Nevertheless, significant fold differences in the expression level was documented in the juvenile worm with 3 or more proglottids, the germinal layer from infected sheep, and the adult worm from an experimentally infected dog. The notch gene was expressed at all developmental stages of E. granulosus; however, the fold difference was significantly increased at the microcysts in monophasic culture medium and the germinal layer of infected sheep in comparison with other stages. The findings demonstrated that the 2 aforementioned genes evaluated in the present study were differentially expressed at different developmental stages of the parasite and may contribute to some important biological processes of E. granulosus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 46%

Differential Expression of Hox and Notch Genes in Larval and Adult Stages of Echinococcus granulosus

et al. 2016

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“…Moreover, in Hymenolepis we verified that Wnt gene regions are flanked by non-Wnt genes, and thus we find no evidence of the Wnt gene synteny reported in other metazoans (Cho et al 2010;Sullivan et al 2007). Thus, as is the case for Hox genes (Koziol et al 2009;Olson et al 2011;Olson 2008), flatworms have lost the ancestral clustered organisation typical of these gene families.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…On the other hand, Wnt signalling is known to act on posterior growth in vertebrates and ecdysozoans (and potentially lophotrochozoans) by regulating expression of the transcription factor Caudal, which in turn activates expression of Hox genes (Martin and Kimelman 2009). However, as only a few ParaHox orthologs (Brooke et al 1998) have been found among free-living platyhelminths (Salò et al 2001) and none is found in parasitic flatworms (Koziol et al 2009;Olson 2008), the mechanism of segmentation in tapeworms cannot involve Caudal and must therefore be modified, if not in fact distinct, from other bilaterian mechanisms for segmentation. Further investigation of Wnt expression in tapeworms, including determination of spatial expression patterns, is currently underway and will help to determine whether or not tapeworm segmentation represents a unique developmental process in animals.…”

Section: Wnt Signalling In Ap Patterning and Animal Segmentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wnt gene loss in flatworms

Riddiford

Olson

2011

Dev Genes Evol

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Wnt genes encode secreted glycoproteins that act in cell-cell signalling to regulate a wide array of developmental processes, ranging from cellular differentiation to axial patterning. Discovery that canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling is responsible for regulating head/tail specification in planarian regeneration has recently highlighted their importance in flatworm (phylum Platyhelminthes) development, but examination of their roles in the complex development of the diverse parasitic groups has yet to be conducted. Here, we characterise Wnt genes in the model tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma and mine genomic resources of free-living and parasitic species for the presence of Wnts and downstream signalling components. We identify orthologs through a combination of BLAST and phylogenetic analyses, showing that flatworms have a highly reduced and dispersed complement that includes orthologs of only five subfamilies (Wnt1, Wnt2, Wnt4, Wnt5 and Wnt11) and fewer paralogs in parasitic flatworms (5-6) than in planarians (9). All major signalling components are identified, including antagonists and receptors, and key binding domains are intact, indicating that the canonical (Wnt/β-catenin) and non-canonical (planar cell polarity and Wnt/Ca(2+)) pathways are functional. RNA-Seq data show expression of all Hymenolepis Wnts and most downstream components in adults and larvae with the notable exceptions of wnt1, expressed only in adults, and wnt2 expressed only in larvae. The distribution of Wnt subfamilies in animals corroborates the idea that the last common ancestor of the Cnidaria and Bilateria possessed all contemporary Wnts and highlights the extent of gene loss in flatworms.

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“…There are numerous examples of homeobox families missing from a wide array of phylogenetically disparate lineages. For example, Ciona intestinalis and multiple species of parasitic platyhelminthes appear to have lost several Hox genes [57,58]. In addition, the genomes of Drosophila and human are each missing several homeobox families [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa

Ryan

Pang

Mullikin

et al. 2010

EvoDevo

148

151

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BackgroundThe much-debated phylogenetic relationships of the five early branching metazoan lineages (Bilateria, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Placozoa and Porifera) are of fundamental importance in piecing together events that occurred early in animal evolution. Comparisons of gene content between organismal lineages have been identified as a potentially useful methodology for phylogenetic reconstruction. However, these comparisons require complete genomes that, until now, did not exist for the ctenophore lineage. The homeobox superfamily of genes is particularly suited for these kinds of gene content comparisons, since it is large, diverse, and features a highly conserved domain.ResultsWe have used a next-generation sequencing approach to generate a high-quality rough draft of the genome of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and subsequently identified a set of 76 homeobox-containing genes from this draft. We phylogenetically categorized this set into established gene families and classes and then compared this set to the homeodomain repertoire of species from the other four early branching metazoan lineages. We have identified several important classes and subclasses of homeodomains that appear to be absent from Mnemiopsis and from the poriferan Amphimedon queenslandica. We have also determined that, based on lineage-specific paralog retention and average branch lengths, it is unlikely that these missing classes and subclasses are due to extensive gene loss or unusually high rates of evolution in Mnemiopsis.ConclusionsThis paper provides a first glimpse of the first sequenced ctenophore genome. We have characterized the full complement of Mnemiopsis homeodomains from this species and have compared them to species from other early branching lineages. Our results suggest that Porifera and Ctenophora were the first two extant lineages to diverge from the rest of animals. Based on this analysis, we also propose a new name - ParaHoxozoa - for the remaining group that includes Placozoa, Cnidaria and Bilateria.

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Hox Genes in the Parasitic Platyhelminthes Mesocestoides corti, Echinococcus multilocularis, and Schistosoma mansoni: Evidence for a Reduced Hox Complement

Cited by 16 publications

References 33 publications

Differential Expression of Hox and Notch Genes in Larval and Adult Stages of Echinococcus granulosus

Differential Expression of Hox and Notch Genes in Larval and Adult Stages of Echinococcus granulosus

Wnt gene loss in flatworms

The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa

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