Human Milk: Nutritional Aspects of a Dynamic Food

Picciano, Mary Frances

doi:10.1159/000014015

Cited by 71 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It is well characterized that the nutritional and immunological composition of human milk changes over the lactation period (14) to meet the needs of the growing infant and contribute to the development of his/her host defense mechanisms, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract where the major load of new antigens is encountered. Our study is the first to reveal equal modification in the composition of breast milk microbiota.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk

et al. 2012

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IntroductIon: Breast milk is an optimal source of nutrition for infants. It contains bioactive components including bacteria that support the microbial colonization and immune system development of the infant. The determinants of human milk composition remain poorly understood, although maternal nutritional and immunological status as well as lifestyle and dietary habits seem to have an impact. Methods: The subjects selected were women from a prospective follow-up study categorized by BMI. Milk samples were taken after delivery and at 1 and 6 mo later for analysis of composition in regard to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, soluble cD14 (scD14), cytokines, and microbiota. results: TGF-β2 and scD14 levels in the breast milk of overweight mothers tended to be lower than the levels in that of normal-weight mothers. also, higher levels of Staphylococcus group bacteria and lower levels of Bifidobacterium group bacteria were detected in overweight mothers as compared with normal-weight ones. The prevalence of Akkermansia muciniphila-type bacteria was also higher in overweight mothers, and the numbers of these bacteria were related to the interleukin (IL)-6 concentration in the colostrum, which was in turn related to lower counts of Bifidobacterium group bacteria in the breast milk of overweight women. dIscussIon: complex interactions of cytokines and microbiota in breast milk guide the microbiological, immunological, and metabolic programming of infant health. Our data may indicate the presence of an additional mechanism that may explain the heightened risk of obesity for infants of overweight and excessive weight gain mothers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk

et al. 2012

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“…During this period there is a largely direct relationship between food viscosity and caloric content since the viscosity and the caloric density of human breast milk appear to vary together. 23,24 Breast feeding may provide an important initial exposure to a general rule that thicker substances contain more calories than thinner substances. 24,25 This could mean that the difference in satiety responses between liquids and solids is based on learned behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of viscosity on ad libitum food intake

et al. 2007

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Background: Energy-yielding liquids elicit weak suppressive appetite responses and weak compensatory responses, suggesting that liquid calories might lead to a positive energy balance. However, data is often derived from foods differing in many characteristics other than viscosity. Objective: To investigate the effect of viscosity on ad libitum food intake in real-life setting and to investigate whether a difference in ad libitum intake is related to eating rate and/or eating effort. Design: In real-life setting 108 nonrestrained subjects (26 ± 7 years, BMI 22.7 ± 2.4 kg m À2 ) received a chocolate flavored liquid, semi-liquid and semi-solid milk-based product, similar in palatability, macronutrient composition and energy density. In laboratory setting 49 nonrestrained subjects (24 ± 6 years, BMI 22.2 ± 2.3 kg m À2 ) received the liquid or semi-solid product. Effort and eating rate were controlled by means of a peristaltic pump. Results: In real-life setting the intake of the liquid (809 ± 396 g) was respectively 14 and 30% higher compared to the semiliquid (699±391 g) and semi-solid product (566±311 g; Po0.0001). In laboratory setting, removing eating effort, resulted in a 29% (Po0.0001) intake difference between liquid (319 ± 176 g) and semi-solid (226 ± 122 g). Standardizing eating rate resulted in 12% difference between liquid (200±106 g) and semi-solid (176±88 g; P ¼ 0.24). If not controlled, the difference in intake between liquid (419 ± 216 g) and semi-solid (277 ± 130 g) was comparable to the real-life setting (34%; Po0.0001). Conclusions: Products different in viscosity but similar in palatability, macronutrient composition and energy density lead to significant differences in intake. This difference is partially explained by the higher eating rate of liquids.

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“…Human milk is a dynamic body fluid that changes in nutritional and immunological composition during lactation (Haddad et al 2012) according to the time of day, type of milk and maternal ingestion of nutrients (Picciano 1998;França et al 2010França et al , 2012b and in disease (Roncada et al 2013). Moreover, the components of human milk and the pathophysiological processes of nursing mothers are still controversial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diets high in sodium and low in potassium have been associated with hypertension (Sírio et al 2007). However, traces of minerals in human milk appear to be unaffected by maternal diet (Picciano et al 1998), and studies have shown that adequate ingestion of calcium during pregnancy prevents the adverse effects of gestational hypertension and lowers the risk of hypertension (Gillman et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal hypertension induces alterations in immunological factors of colostrum and human milk

Massmann

França

Souza

et al. 2013

Frontiers in Life Science

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in minerals, antibodies, complement and cytokine levels in the human milk of hypertensive women based on the time of collection (diurnal/nocturnal) and the type of milk. The material was collected from 23 mothers at three stages of maturity: 3 days (colostrum), 10 days (transitional milk) and 30 days (mature milk) postpartum -and at two times -diurnal (12:00 h) and nocturnal (24:00 h) -resulting in a total of 138 samples. The minerals, antibody, complement, IFN-γ and TGF-β cytokine levels were determined. Increases in sodium and potassium were observed independent of phase, while phosphorus was observed only during nocturnal period. IgA was higher in the transitional milk of hypertensive mothers in the nocturnal period. IgG was higher in the nocturnal period of hypertensive mothers regardless of milk maturation. The C3 protein increased during the diurnal period in the transitional and mature milk of hypertensive women. Milk concentrations of the cytokines IFN-γ and TGF-β were higher during the nocturnal period of hypertensive mothers. These data suggest that the milk of hypertensive mothers exhibits alterations proteins and inflammatory mediators, and these alterations are dependent on time and milk maturation.

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Human Milk: Nutritional Aspects of a Dynamic Food

Cited by 71 publications

References 33 publications

Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk

Maternal weight and excessive weight gain during pregnancy modify the immunomodulatory potential of breast milk

The effect of viscosity on ad libitum food intake

Maternal hypertension induces alterations in immunological factors of colostrum and human milk

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