Human Milk Research for Answering Questions about Human Health

Abstract

Concerns regarding human milk in our society are diverse, ranging from the presence of environmental chemicals to the health of breastfed infants and the economic value of breastfeeding to society. The panel convened for the Technical Workshop on Human Milk Surveillance and Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals in the United States, held at the Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, on 24--26 September 2004, considered how human milk research may contribute to environmental health initiatives to benefit society. The panel concluded that infant, maternal, and community health can benefit from studies using human milk biomonitoring. Unlike other biological specimens, human milk provides information regarding exposure of the mother and breastfed infant to environmental chemicals. Some of the health topics relevant to this field of research include disorders of growth and development in infants, cancer origins in women, and characterization of the trend of exposure to environmental chemicals in the community. The research focus will determine the design of the study and the need for the collection of alternative biological specimens and the long-term storage of these specimens. In order to strengthen the ability to interpret study results, it is important to identify reference ranges for the chemicals measured and to control for populations with high environmental chemical exposure, because the amount of data on environmental chemical levels in human milk that is available for comparison is extremely limited. In addition, it will be necessary to validate models used to assess infant exposure from breastfeeding because of the variable nature of current models. Information on differences between individual and population risk estimates for toxicity needs to be effectively communicated to the participant. Human milk research designed to answer questions regarding health will require additional resources to meet these objectives.

Serum Concentrations of Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in a Sample of Pregnant Females and Changes in Their Concentrations during Gestation

“…The direct comparison of concentrations of higher order chlorinated PCDDs/PCDFs of serum to milk specimens is limited by the diminished ability of these chemicals to transfer from blood to milk due to size exclusion (Wittsiepe et al 2007). Thus, these findings support the use of first-time pregnant females and human milk as a matrix to monitor the population’s trend in exposure to persistent lipophilic chemicals, although the exposure level only reflects that of females of reproductive age (Wang et al 2005). The added benefit of using milk as an exposure matrix includes the ability to assess the breast-fed infant’s intake of these chemicals.…”

Bioanalytical challenge: A review of environmental and pharmaceuticals contaminants in human milk

“…It should be said, that due to the fact that most of the environmental contaminants are lipophilic their concentration is reported considering the sample lipid content [83]. Another important point to be mention is the glassware that needs to be handled throughout the sampling and storage for analysis of POPs avoiding thus, sample cross-contamination [84].…”

Environment and women's reproductive health

“…Overall, besides some high-exposure situations, the presence of contaminants in breast milk is not an argument against breastfeeding. On the other hand, the use of human milk for biomonitoring may yield important results in order to monitor and prevent effects from environmental pollutants (Wang et al, 2005a). Breastfeeding can even be a protective factor against the pollutant's effects on neurobehavioural programming (Jacobson and Jacobson, 2002b).…”