Human monkeypox (hMPXV) re‐emergence: Host immunity status and current vaccines landscape

Shafaati, Maryam; Zandi, Milad

doi:10.1002/jmv.28251

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…By using monkeypox-specific cell lines and animal models (every 12 h and checking between the resting and active phases), the severity of the infection can be evaluated and correlated with the time of the viral infection and to what extent the mpox replication and its neutralization by the immune system require diverse circadian cycles. In addition, comparing common reservoirs of mpox in wild animals with the clock-dependent group will help to explain how mpox replication and progression may be grounded on circadian cycles (Shafaati and Zandi 2023 ).…”

Section: Circadian Clock and Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkeypox virus replication underlying circadian rhythm networks

et al. 2023

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The mammalian brain has an endogenous central circadian clock that regulates central and peripheral cellular activities. At the molecular level, this day-night cycle induces the expression of upstream and downstream transcription factors that influence the immune system and the severity of viral infections over time. In addition, there are also circadian effects on host tolerance pathways. This stimulates adaptation to normal changes in environmental conditions and requirements (including light and food). These rhythms influence the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of therapeutic drugs and vaccines. The importance of circadian systems in regulating viral infections and the host response to viruses is currently of great importance for clinical management. With the knowledge gained from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to address any outbreak of viral infection that could become endemic and to quickly focus research on any knowledge gaps. For example, responses to booster vaccination COVID-19 may have different time-dependent patterns during circadian cycles. There may be a link between reactivation of latently infected viruses and regulation of circadian rhythms. In addition, mammals may show different seasonal antiviral responses in winter and summer. This article discusses the importance of the host circadian clock during monkeypox infection and immune system interactions.

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Section: Circadian Clock and Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkeypox virus replication underlying circadian rhythm networks

et al. 2023

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“…However, VACV-E3L83N and VACV-E3L37N were 100–1,000 times less pathogenic than wild-type VACV in an animal model. Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) was observed in cell lines infected with either virus at a late times point (9 h postinfection), but not in wild-type VACV-infected HeLa cells ( Shafaati and Zandi, 2022c ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neutralizing antibodies to orthopoxviruses are critical for protection against severe infections, and systemic proliferation in circulating monocytes may also protect the virus from humoral immune responses, explaining why vaccinated monkeys are protected. Memory T-cells specific for orthopoxviruses do not provide protection against lethal mpox in the absence of neutralizing antibodies ( Shafaati and Zandi, 2022c ). After recovery from mpox, individuals may activate antiviral T-cell responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of immune evasion of monkeypox virus

2023

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The mpox (disease caused by the monkeypox virus) epidemic in 2022 provides a good opportunity to study the immune response to mpox. Vaccinia virus-infected monocytes could be recognized by monkeypox virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which produce inflammatory cytokines including IFNγ and TNFα. However, these cells are mostly unable to react to monkeypox virus-infected cells. The monkeypox virus also has no effect on the expression of MHC classes. Cells infected with monkeypox virus can prevent T cells from being activated via their T cell receptors. Insensitivity is an MHC-independent strategy for controlling antiviral T cells activation and inflammatory cytokines production. It is likely a critical aspect of virus spread in the infected host. The ability of monkeypox virus to spread efficiently as cell-associated viremia may be explained by the evasion strategies employed by the virus to subvert immunological surveillance by virus-specific T cells.

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“…The monkeypox viruses have a wide range of hosts, and most of these hosts act as carriers of the virus. [25][26][27] The incubation period varies depending on the degree of virulence and type of host, and it may last for 7 to 14 days; in severe cases, it may prolong to 21 days. 28 The symptoms vary depending on the host, but fever is a common symptom among all infected people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkeypox Viruses: Resurgence of Global Threat to Mankind

Manju¹,

Ranjini²,

Raj³

et al. 2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

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The unprecedented outbreaks of monkeypox viruses in non-endemic regions have created grave concern for global health. The World Health Organization has declared a public health emergency of international concern and stated the seriousness of monkeypox viruses. The gravity of this zoonotic disease cannot be underestimated, owing to the fact that this viral infection can cause pathetic situations if ignored. Keeping these lacunas, the scientific communities have expressed their interest towards the study of monkeypox viruses. Hence the present review discusses the etiological features, historical events, and vaccination along with management strategies to combat and counter the sudden outbreak. The review also highlights the current Indian scenario of the monkeypox virus; with scanty reports available, the present contributes towards the growing scientific knowledge to prevent a future threats to mankind.

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Human monkeypox (hMPXV) re‐emergence: Host immunity status and current vaccines landscape

Cited by 28 publications

References 80 publications

Monkeypox virus replication underlying circadian rhythm networks

Monkeypox virus replication underlying circadian rhythm networks

Mechanisms of immune evasion of monkeypox virus

Monkeypox Viruses: Resurgence of Global Threat to Mankind

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