With the strong support of local governments for strategic emerging industries such as high-end equipment manufacturing, new materials, and new energy, strategic emerging industries are playing an increasingly important role in the economy and society. With the increasing enthusiasm of college graduates for independent entrepreneurship, college students’ entrepreneurship is constantly integrated with the development of strategic emerging industries. Based on this background, aiming at the practical problems of the development of strategic emerging industries, this study innovatively puts forward the method of using big data technology and GM model to realize the dynamic model analysis of the development of strategic emerging industries and college students’ entrepreneurial behavior. This article analyzes the correlation between dynamic big data such as industrial scale, industrial market, and industrial direction of local strategic emerging industries and university entrepreneurship, so as to provide theoretical support for the development strategy of strategic emerging industries. Through the neural network algorithm, this article evaluates the entrepreneurship of college students, so as to provide a digital basis for the layout of strategic emerging industries to attract talents and entrepreneurship. Experiments show that the big data integration system established by GM correlation analysis and ant colony Elman regression artificial neural network has high accuracy and can well identify the priority relevance of the industrial direction of strategic emerging industries to college students’ entrepreneurship. It provides theoretical support for regional policy makers to better formulate college students’ entrepreneurship strategy and the development plan of emerging industries.