Human salmonellosis associated with exotic pets

Woodward, David L.; Khakhria, Rasik; Johnson, Wendy M.

doi:10.1128/jcm.35.11.2786-2790.1997

Cited by 248 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It was not unusual to isolate Salmonella from the caiman and snake, as reptiles have been identified as reservoirs for Salmonella spp. (Woodward et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. in Pet Mammals, Reptiles, Fish Aquarium Water, and Birds in Trinidad

Seepersadsingh

Adesiyun²

2003

Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B

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The prevalence of Salmonella spp. was determined in 970 animals comprising 423 pet birds, 485 fish aquaria water and 62 other pets (40 pet mammals, 14 reptiles, eight others - crustaceans, snail, stingray) from both pet shops and households throughout Trinidad. The serotypes of Salmonella spp. isolated were identified and the resistance to various antimicrobial agents was determined. Overall nine (0.9%) of 970 pet animals were positive for Salmonella spp. Six isolates of Salmonella spp. were recovered from all pet birds with two isolates of serotype Aberdeen and one isolate each of Thompson, Rubislaw, Panama and Newport. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in birds was 0.9%. Four isolates of Salmonella spp. were recovered from fish aquaria water, serotypes included Panama (two isolates), Newport (one isolate) and Virchow (one isolate). Prevalence of Salmonella spp. from fish aquaria was 0.4%. No isolate of Salmonella spp. was detected in pet mammals sampled while two isolates were recovered from reptiles, S. Enteritidis and S. Montevideo. One isolate of Salmonella spp. was recovered from a stingray, serotype unknown. Antimicrobial resistance was present is all animal types. The highest prevalence of resistance was to streptomycin among isolates from birds (83.3%) and other pets (100.0%) while isolates from fish aquarium water exhibited comparatively high resistance to cephalothin (50.0%). It was concluded that the isolation of Salmonella spp. from apparently healthy birds, fish aquarium water and other pet animals may pose a health risk to their owners and contacts as all serotypes are known to be potentially pathogenic depending on the oral dosage of the organism and the immune status of those in contact. The high prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial agents among Salmonella isolates across pet species may pose chemotherapeutic consequences to their owners and contacts.

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“…It was not unusual to isolate Salmonella from the caiman and snake, as reptiles have been identified as reservoirs for Salmonella spp. (Woodward et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. in Pet Mammals, Reptiles, Fish Aquarium Water, and Birds in Trinidad

Seepersadsingh

Adesiyun²

2003

Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B

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“…It is typically acquired via the ingestion of contaminated food or water, with human foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States resulting from the ingestion of food such as contaminated poultry products, pork and vegetables (Lynch et al, 2006). A number of infections in humans have also been attributable to pet reptiles via host to host transmission (Woodward et al, 1997;Mermin et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Australian wildlife

Parsons

Bull

Gordon

2010

Environ Microbiol Rep

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A total of 2489 wildlife hosts from Australia were sampled in order to determine the fraction of hosts that harboured Salmonella enterica as a dominant member of the host's enteric community. Hosts sampled included fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals from the four main climatic regions of Australia: desert, grassland, temperate and tropical. Salmonella enterica was predominately isolated from reptiles, in particular, lizards. It was also isolated from mammals, though not from any fish, frog or bird host. Salmonella enterica was more likely to be isolated from lizards living in desert or grassland regions of Australia compared with lizards inhabiting tropical or temperate regions. The low prevalence of S. enterica isolated from wildlife hosts in Australia indicates that Australian wildlife are unlikely to play a large role in disseminating S. enterica to humans and livestock.

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“…Although raw food of animal origin and crosscontamination of vegetables, fruit and ready-to-eat products are often the vehicles for human infection (World Health Organization, 2002), infection with salmonellae is predominantly related to their presence in animal reservoirs that include invertebrates, birds, reptiles and mammals (Refsum et al, 2002;Tavechio et al, 2002). The native habitat of salmonellae is considered to be the intestinal tract of warmand many cold-blooded vertebrates, from which the organisms can spread to other environments (Woodward et al, 1997). Salmonellae have been detected in the intestinal tracts of many animals throughout the world (Gray, 1995), but also in abiotic environments such as fresh-or marine waters, estuarine environments, vegetables, compost, manure or soils, and sediments (Thomason et al, 1975;Polo et al, 1998;Refsum et al, 2002;Tavechio et al, 2002;Martinez-Urtaza et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-resolution analysis of salmonellae from turtles within a headwater spring ecosystem

Hahn

Gaertner

Forstner

et al. 2007

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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Sediments and water from the pristine headwaters of the San Marcos River, Texas, USA, as well as swabs from biofilms on the carapace and from the cloacae of 17 musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) and one snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) caught at the same site, were analysed for salmonellae by culture and molecular techniques. Whereas enrichment cultures from sediment and water samples were negative for salmonellae in PCR- and in situ hybridization-based analyses, both techniques detected salmonellae after enrichments from both carapace and cloacae of nine (i.e. of 53%) musk turtles. Further characterization of 10 isolates obtained from the enrichment cultures of four selected individuals and confirmed as salmonellae by PCR analysis was achieved by fingerprinting techniques (rep-PCR). The results show differences between individuals and, in one case, variation among isolates from a single individual. All isolates from two individuals displayed identical profiles. These profiles were different from those obtained from the isolates of the third individual, which were, themselves, also identical for all isolates. Salmonellae were much more diverse in samples from the carapace of the last individual with five different rep-PCR profiles retrieved. Serotyping of seven isolates representative for each rep-PCR profile identified all isolates as representing Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Rubislaw, which demonstrates the presence of different strains of potentially human pathogenic salmonellae naturally occurring on turtles even within pristine environments. The frequent detection of these organisms in biofilms on the carapace opens the door for speculations on the role of this habitat as a reservoir for salmonellae, and on potential implications for turtles acting as a dispersal vector.

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Human salmonellosis associated with exotic pets

Cited by 248 publications

References 7 publications

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. in Pet Mammals, Reptiles, Fish Aquarium Water, and Birds in Trinidad

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. in Pet Mammals, Reptiles, Fish Aquarium Water, and Birds in Trinidad

Low prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Australian wildlife

High-resolution analysis of salmonellae from turtles within a headwater spring ecosystem

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