Hybridization and endangered species protection in the molecular era

Wayne, Robert K.; Shaffer, H. Bradley

doi:10.1111/mec.13642

Cited by 129 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…Endangered Species Act, which currently denies protection for hybrid taxa 30,75 . Mustela erminea haidarum is federally protected in Canada on the Haida Gwaii Islands of British Columbia 56 , but also occurs on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, where it has no protection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-genome analysis of Mustela erminea finds that pulsed hybridization impacts evolution at high latitudes

Colella¹,

Lan

Schuster

et al. 2018

Commun Biol

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At high latitudes, climatic shifts hypothetically initiate recurrent episodes of divergence by isolating populations in glacial refugia—ice-free regions that enable terrestrial species persistence. Upon glacial recession, populations subsequently expand and often come into contact with other independently diverging populations, resulting in gene flow. To understand how recurrent periods of isolation and contact may have impacted evolution at high latitudes, we investigated introgression dynamics in the stoat (Mustela erminea), a Holarctic mammalian carnivore, using whole-genome sequences. We identify two spatio-temporally distinct episodes of introgression coincident with large-scale climatic shifts: contemporary introgression in a mainland contact zone and ancient contact ~200 km south of the contemporary zone, in the archipelagos along North America’s North Pacific Coast. Repeated episodes of gene flow highlight the central role of cyclic climates in structuring high-latitude diversity, through refugial divergence and introgressive hybridization. When introgression is followed by allopatric isolation (e.g., insularization) it may ultimately expedite divergence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-genome analysis of Mustela erminea finds that pulsed hybridization impacts evolution at high latitudes

Colella¹,

Lan

Schuster

et al. 2018

Commun Biol

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“…Identifying hybridization: Although not strictly a conservation action, identifying hybrids has direct relevance for conservation managers, because hybridization can be both a conservation problem, threatening species identity and genetic integrity (Bohling, 2016; Wayne & Shaffer, 2016), and a conservation opportunity, enhancing evolutionary potential in changing environments through adaptive introgression (Hamilton & Miller, 2016). In both cases, NGS provides both improved resolution to identify hybridization and the data needed to develop monitoring panels (Hohenlohe et al., 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for planning genomic assessment and monitoring of locally adaptive variation to inform species conservation

Flanagan

Forester

Latch

et al. 2017

Evolutionary Applications

211

189

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Identifying and monitoring locally adaptive genetic variation can have direct utility for conserving species at risk, especially when management may include actions such as translocations for restoration, genetic rescue, or assisted gene flow. However, genomic studies of local adaptation require careful planning to be successful, and in some cases may not be a worthwhile use of resources. Here, we offer an adaptive management framework to help conservation biologists and managers decide when genomics is likely to be effective in detecting local adaptation, and how to plan assessment and monitoring of adaptive variation to address conservation objectives. Studies of adaptive variation using genomic tools will inform conservation actions in many cases, including applications such as assisted gene flow and identifying conservation units. In others, assessing genetic diversity, inbreeding, and demographics using selectively neutral genetic markers may be most useful. And in some cases, local adaptation may be assessed more efficiently using alternative approaches such as common garden experiments. Here, we identify key considerations of genomics studies of locally adaptive variation, provide a road map for successful collaborations with genomics experts including key issues for study design and data analysis, and offer guidelines for interpreting and using results from genomic assessments to inform monitoring programs and conservation actions.

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“…Independent of the underlying cause(s), the current trajectory informs managers of the variability of current hybrids. Use of discriminant analysis of phenotypes, especially with non-destructive trait sampling, will allow managers to evaluate breeding and planting efforts as indicated in the Wayne and Schaffer (2016) decision tree analysis of hybrids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ecological equivalence plays an important role in evaluating hybrids for conservation, as detailed by Wayne and Schaffer (2016). The assessment of hybrids for traits not directly associated with fitness but related to ecosystem function, e.g., tannins in leaves (Whitham et al, 2006) can be useful for determining the ecological equivalence of hybrids in communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetative and Adaptive Traits Predict Different Outcomes for Restoration Using Hybrids

et al. 2016

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Hybridization has been implicated as a driver of speciation, extinction, and invasiveness, but can also provide resistant breeding stock following epidemics. However, evaluating the appropriateness of hybrids for use in restoration programs is difficult. Past the F1 generation, the proportion of a progenitor’s genome can vary widely, as can the combinations of parental genomes. Detailed genetic analysis can reveal this information, but cannot expose phenotypic alterations due to heterosis, transgressive traits, or changes in metabolism or development. In addition, because evolution is often driven by extreme individuals, decisions based on phenotypic averages of hybrid classes may have unintended results. We demonstrate a strategy to evaluate hybrids for use in restoration by visualizing hybrid phenotypes across selected groups of traits relative to both progenitor species. Specifically, we used discriminant analysis to differentiate among butternut (Juglans cinerea L.), black walnut (J. nigra L.), and Japanese walnut (J. ailantifolia Carr. var. cordiformis) using vegetative characters and then with functional adaptive traits associated with seedling performance. When projected onto the progenitor trait space, naturally occurring hybrids (J. × bixbyi Rehd.) between butternut and Japanese walnut showed introgression toward Japanese walnut at vegetative characters but exhibited a hybrid swarm at functional traits. Both results indicate that hybrids have morphological and ecological phenotypes that distinguish them from butternut, demonstrating a lack of ecological equivalency that should not be carried into restoration breeding efforts. Despite these discrepancies, some hybrids were projected into the space occupied by butternut seedlings’ 95% confidence ellipse, signifying that some hybrids were similar at the measured traits. Determining how to consistently identify these individuals is imperative for future breeding and species restoration efforts involving hybrids. Discriminant analysis provides a useful technique to visualize past selection mechanisms and current variation in hybrid populations, especially when key ecological traits that distinguish progenitors are unknown. Furthermore, discriminant analysis affords a tool to assess ecological equivalency of hybrid populations and breeding program efforts to select for certain traits and monitor the amount of variability of those traits, relative to progenitors.

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Hybridization and endangered species protection in the molecular era

Cited by 129 publications

References 61 publications

Whole-genome analysis of Mustela erminea finds that pulsed hybridization impacts evolution at high latitudes

Whole-genome analysis of Mustela erminea finds that pulsed hybridization impacts evolution at high latitudes

Guidelines for planning genomic assessment and monitoring of locally adaptive variation to inform species conservation

Vegetative and Adaptive Traits Predict Different Outcomes for Restoration Using Hybrids

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