Hydro-Meteorological Trends in an Austrian Low-Mountain Catchment

Abstract

While ongoing climate change is well documented, the impacts exhibit a substantial variability, both in direction and magnitude, visible even at regional and local scales. However, the knowledge of regional impacts is crucial for the design of mitigation and adaptation measures, particularly when changes in the hydrological cycle are concerned. In this paper, we present hydro-meteorological trends based on observations from a hydrological research basin in Eastern Austria between 1979 and 2019. The analyzed variables include air temperature, precipitation, and catchment runoff. Additionally, the number of wet days, trends for catchment evapotranspiration, and computed potential evapotranspiration were derived. Long-term trends were computed using a non-parametric Mann–Kendall test. The analysis shows that while mean annual temperatures were decreasing and annual temperature minima remained constant, annual maxima were rising. Long-term trends indicate a shift of precipitation to the summer, with minor variations observed for the remaining seasons and at an annual scale. Observed precipitation intensities mainly increased in spring and summer between 1979 and 2019. Catchment actual evapotranspiration, computed based on catchment precipitation and outflow, showed no significant trend for the observed time period, while potential evapotranspiration rates based on remote sensing data increased between 1981 and 2019.

Evaluation of Long-Term Trends of Rainfall in Perak, Malaysia

“…The Mann-Kendall (MK) test has been utilized in many hydrological trend analysis studies, for instance, the analysis of rainfall, water quality, and streamflow data [21,22]. The MK test develops two hypotheses while testing the data; null (H o ) and alternative hypotheses (H 1 ).…”

“…As opposed to parametric tests, non-parametric tests are less sensitive to normally distributed data, and their ability to handle sudden breaks makes them more suitable for detecting trends in hydro-climatic variables. The Mann-Kendall (MK) test is a non-parametric test that has been used in many investigations into hydro-climatic trend analysis [7,21,22].…”