“…The effect of PACAP on CREB 312 phosphorylation culminates in the first part of the dark period of the 24-h cycle (Maronde et al, 1997) in concomitance with the peak of PACAP content in the pineal gland (Fukuhara et al, 1998). PACAP causes phosphorylation of CREB in the SCN during the light period, and the effect of PACAP on CREB is suppressed by melatonin (Vanȇcek et al, 1987;Kopp et al, 1997;von Gall et al, 1998). Likewise, melatonin blocks PACAP-induced stimulation of cAMP production in the whole chicken hypothalamus and in the rat SCN, indicating that the hypothalamus is a site for a functional interaction between PACAP and the pineal hormone melatonin (von Gall et al, 1998;Kopp et al, 1999;Nowak et al, 1999).…”