“…Different from physical models, phenomenological hysteresis models employ numerical equations directly to characterize nonlinear input and output relationships of hysteresis, without regard to the natural physical properties. Accordingly, phenomenological models are extensively applied in nonlinear hysteresis modeling of PZT actuators, such as Preisach model [9][10][11][12], Maxwell slip model [13,14], Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model [15][16][17], Rayleigh model [18], Dahl model [19], Duhem model [20,21], Jiles-Atherton (J-A) model [22], neural networks model [23], frictional model [24], Bouc-Wen (BW) model [25][26][27], etc. Xiao and Li [12] developed a modified inverse Preisach model to characterize hysteretic responses of PZT actuators at a wide frequency range, where µ-density functions and weights were optimized by fast Fourier transform to realize the online rate-dependent compensation of PZT hysteresis in real-time.…”