EleutherococcusSpecies Cultivated in Europe: A New Source of Compounds with Antiacetylcholinesterase, Antihyaluronidase, Anti-DPPH, and Cytotoxic Activities

Abstract

Secondary metabolites of the roots of Eleutherococcus spp. cultivated in Poland, or the bioactivity, are not fully known. The 75% methanol extracts of five Eleutherococcus spp. (E. senticosus, E. divaricatus, E. sessiliflorus, E. gracilistylus, and E. henryi) were examined for the content of polyphenols and phenolic acids as well as for antiacetylcholinesterase, antihyaluronidase, anti-DPPH∗, and cytotoxic activities. The richest in polyphenols were the roots of E. henryi (10.4 mg/g DW), while in flavonoids the roots of E. divaricatus (6.5 mg/g DW). The richest in phenolic acids occurred the roots of E. henryi [protocatechuic acid (1865 μg/g DE), caffeic acid (244 μg/g DE), and p-coumaric and ferulic acids (55 μg/g DE)]. The highest inhibition of AChE was observed for E. gracilistylus and E. sessiliflorus (32%), at the concentration of 100 μg/0.19 mL of the reaction mixture, while that of Hyal for the roots of E. henryi (40.7%), at the concentration of 100 μg/0.16 mL of the reaction mixture. Among five species tested, the E. henryi extract exhibited the strongest HL-60 cell line growth’s inhibition (IC50 270 μg/mL). The extracts reduced DPPH∗ in a time-dependent mode, at the concentration of 0.8 mg/mL. After 90 min from 14.7 to 26.2%, DPPH∗was reduced. A phytochemical composition and activity of the Eleutherococcus species, cultivated in Poland, are still under research; however, on the basis of the results obtained, it may be concluded that they may become a source of phytochemicals and be useful for Europe’s citizens.

Extracts from Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. Roots: A New Hope Against Honeybee Death Caused by Nosemosis

“…Natural products, such as herb extract, provide promising candidates for ‘bee medicines’ or for a safe prophylaxis [ 57 ]. Eleutherococcus senticosus extract is rich in many secondary metabolites with proven adaptogenic properties [ 67 , 72 ]. The pollinator fidelity hypothesis suggested that so-called “toxic nectar” is analogous to other floral structures that require specialisation of pollinators [ 24 , 73 , 74 ].…”

Acanthopanax henryi: Review of Botany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

“…The active ingredients related to these functions are mainly lignans, pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, and caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives. [22,[36][37][38] Anti-AChE -↑ AChE inhibitory activity [22,36,37] Anti-BuChE -↑ BuChE inhibitory activity [37] Anti-hyaluronidase -↑ hyaluronidase inhibitory activity [36,38] Legend: lipopolysaccharide (LPS); nitric oxide (NO); prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ); inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2); interleukin (IL)-1β; tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α; mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4); nuclear factor (NF)-κB; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ); CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα); AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); optical density at 600 nm (OD600); penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a); methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH); 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6sulphonic acid (ABTS); acetyl cholinesterase (AChE); butyryl cholinesterase (BuChE); ↑ increase, ↓ decrease.…”

“…A recent study showed that the 100% MeOH fraction (after MeOH extract of AH was chromatographed on XAD-4 column) of the root bark of AH has moderate inhibitory effects on HL-60 human leukemia cells, HT-29 human colon cancer cells, and A549 human lung cancer cells with IC 50 values of 50.41, 102.05, and 147.57 µg/mL, respectively [14]. Besides this, the 75% MeOH extract of roots of E. henryi cultivated in Poland exhibited moderate inhibition effect of HL-60 cell line growth with an IC 50 value of 270 µg/mL [36].…”

“…A study showed that the 75% methanol extract of roots of A. henryi cultivated in Poland exhibited certain anti-AChE and anti-DPPH activities, with inhibitory rates at 19.6% (at the concentration of 100 µg/0.19 mL of the reaction mixture) and 14.7% (in 90 min), respectively. The extract reduced DPPH in a time-dependent mode of 90 min, at the concentration of 0.8 mg/mL [36].…”

Cosmeceutical Potential of Grateloupia turuturu: Using Low-Cost Extraction Methodologies to Obtain Added-Value Extracts

“…The inhibition of hyaluronidase activity of the 6 extracts was performed according to Madan et al and Adamczyk and colleagues [13,14], with some modifications. Hyaluronidase solution (4 U•mL −1 ) was prepared using a stock solution containing sodium phosphate buffer (200 mM, pH 7, 37 • C), 77 mM sodium chloride and 0.01% BSA.…”