In Situ Detection and Identification of Hesperidin Crystals in Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu) Peel Cells

Abstract

This study showed the detailed distribution of crystals in C. unshiu peels and their main component was identified using Raman microscopy to be hesperidin for the first time.

Enhancement of the water solubility and antioxidant activity of hesperidin by chitooligosaccharide

“…As shown in Fig. , the SEM image of pure hesperidin shows needle‐shaped crystals aggregated to form clusters of spherical crystals, morphologically consistent with the structure of the hesperidin standard crystal . Compared to the spherical aggregates of pure hesperidin, the irregularly shaped particles with a relatively wide particle size distribution of Hesp‐COS at molar ratios of 1:1, 1:5 and 1:10 implied the complexation of hesperidin and COS.…”

“…3, the SEM image of pure hesperidin shows needle-shaped crystals aggregated to form clusters of spherical crystals, morphologically consistent with the structure of the hesperidin standard crystal. 30 Compared to the spherical aggregates of pure hesperidin, the irregularly shaped particles with a relatively wide particle size distribution of wileyonlinelibrary.com/jsfa Hesp-COS at molar ratios of 1:1, 1:5 and 1:10 implied the complexation of hesperidin and COS. In the micrograph of the Hesp-COS complex, the characteristic crystals of hesperidin disappeared and amorphous pieces of irregular platy structure were present.…”

In vitro release and antioxidant activity of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. unshiu) peel flavonoids encapsulated by pectin nanoparticles

“…The components, content and chemical structures were shown in Table . As expected, hesperidin (191.23 ± 5.98 mg g −1 dry CPE) is the predominantly accumulated flavonoid followed by narirutin (38.02 ± 0.52 mg g −1 ), inconsistent with previous results (Xu et al ., ; Chen et al ., ; Inoue et al ., ). Among the flavones, the amount of 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′‐hetamethoxyflavone was much higher than that of nobiletin and tangeretin, while Kim et al .…”

Chemical Mapping of Essential Oils, Flavonoids and Carotenoids in Citrus Peels by Raman Microscopy

“…The observation of peaks at 1679, 1646, 1434, and 761 cm −1 suggested essential oil in the flavedo layer, assigned to C═C bond stretching of the ring and vinyl group, C═C bending and C─H vibrations, respectively, according to previous literature data (Gudi and others ). Characteristics peaks at 1628, 1605, 1378, and 1275 cm −1 indicated the existence of flavonoids, assigned to benzenic ring vibrations (C═O and C 2 ─C 3 stretching) and para‐disubstituted benzene ring vibration, respectively (Inoue and others ). However, bands 1646 cm −1 of essential oil overlaps with bands 1628 and 1605 cm −1 of flavonoids.…”

“…For in situ bio‐component analysis in plant tissues, FT‐Raman microscopy was used to discriminate of carotenoid and flavonoid content in petals of pansy cultivars, which demonstrated the application of components analysis in flower (Gamsjaeger and others ). More recently, Raman microscopy was used for in situ detection and identification of hesperidin crystals, as well as the location in citrus peels with the assistance of fluorescence (Inoue and others ).…”