<i>In vitro</i>gas and foam production by rumen fluid from cows of genetically high or low susceptibility to pasture bloat

Cockrem, F. R. M.; McIntosh, Jean; McLaren, R.D.; Morris, C. A.

doi:10.1017/s000335610003659x

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Mangan and Johns (1957) investigated the foaming properties of white clover and found that the digitonin equivalents (related to foam persistence) of non bloat-inducing clover was only 21% less than from bloat-inducing clover. Cockrem et al (1987) also found that there was a lesser amount of foam produced from crude extracts of pastures on non-bloat days than on bloat days (P < 0.07) and the liquid to foam ratio (a measure of compressive strength) on non-bloat days was only 16 % less than on bloat days (P < 0.09). The use of monensin in a controlled release rumen capsule has been found to lower the incidence of pasture bloat in the dairy industry by 80% (Cameron and Malmo 1993).…”

Section: Effect Of Pa Concentration On Foam Properties and Bloatmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…In these studies foams were prepared from plant extracts and either the stability (Pressey et al 1963), the volume of foam formed (Kendall 1964;Cooper et al 1966), or foam strength (Jones et al 1970) measured over time. Cockrem et al (1987) studied foam production when strained rumen fluids were mixed with forage extracts and artificial saliva in a manner designed to more closely mimic the conditions in the rumen. White clover extracts produced more foam per unit of gas evolved than ryegrass extract.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannin) destabilise plant protein foams in a dose dependent manner

Tanner¹,

Moate²,

Lh³

et al. 1995

Aust. J. Agric. Res.

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The compressive strength and persistence of protein foams produced from extracts of legume leaves were measured. The presence of foliar proanthocyanidin (PA, condensed tannin) in species such as Onobrychis and Lotus correlated with foams of negligible compressive strength and persistence and also with a reputation for bloat safety in the field. PA purified from forage legume leaves significantly decreased the compressive strength of protein foams produced from purified red clover leaf protein. The decrease in the compressive strength was related to the concentration of added PA in a dose-dependent manner. A ratio of PA to protein of 0 . 1 reduced the compressive strength by approximately half relative to the strength of the PA-free control. Purified PAS with different chemical structures had similar effects on the compressive strength of protein foams. The significance of these observations to pasture bloat and forage legume improvement is discussed.

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Section: Effect Of Pa Concentration On Foam Properties and Bloatmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannin) destabilise plant protein foams in a dose dependent manner

Tanner¹,

Moate²,

Lh³

et al. 1995

Aust. J. Agric. Res.

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“…Cattle bloat because alfalfa has a rapid initial rate of digestion, which can be associated with acute changes in rumen microbial populations. Large numbers of encapsulated lactic acid streptococci contribute to a buildup of froth, as populations of Streptococcus bovis rise and the viscosity of rumen fluid increases (Majak et al 1983;Cockrem et al 1987). Persistent high viscosity foams cover the cardiac sphincter of the rumen, which inhibits normal eructation by the animal.…”

Section: Herbage Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, gases accumulate in the rumen leading to acute frothy bloat. Conditions favoring the production of persistent high viscosity foams include: 1) a balance of surface active materials in favor of foaming; 2) an environment provided by digesta favoring foam persistence; 3) adequate but not excessive gas production; 4) rumen pH ≤ 5.5, and 5) the presence of salivary mucoprotein (specifically albumin) enhancing foam stability (Majak et al 1983;Cockrem et al 1987). Often, mortality of livestock on pasture is attributed to bloat, which may not in fact be the case.…”

Section: Herbage Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing pasture productivity with alfalfa: A review

Popp¹,

McCaughey²,

Cohen³

et al. 2000

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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, W. 2000. Enhancing pasture productivity with alfalfa: A review. Can. J. Plant Sci. 80: 513-519. Alfalfa has been recognized for its superior yield and quality in seeded pastures. However, when grazing immature alfalfa there is a risk of animal losses due to frothy bloat in some ruminant livestock. Inclusion of at least 50% grass in the pasture mixture is commonly recommended to reduce the risk of bloat. Two decades of plant breeding have resulted in the release of AC Grazeland, an alfalfa cultivar that reduces the incidence of bloat. Other bloat control agents such as pluronic detergents and ionophores can also be of value. Development of grazing-tolerant alfalfa varieties is solving some of the problems associated with lack of persistence of alfalfa in mixed stands; however, they are not bloat-safe. Animal productivity commonly increases when alfalfa is included in pasture mixtures. Improvements in cattle rate of gain are observed when alfalfa contributes as little as 35% to the sward. Grazing management is the principal method for controlling pasture yield and quality as well as animal performance and bloat incidence. When grazing management is used to optimize pasture production and nutrient intake, yearling steers can gain as much as 1.5 kg head -1 d -1 and liveweight production ranging from 107 kg ha -1 (on dryland) to 1946 kg ha -1 (under irrigation) can be expected. Limiting utilization of alfalfa-based pasture to ≤70% may be more important for maximizing gain per head than managing herbage quality. La luzerne est reconnue pour son rendement éléve, tant en quantité qu'en qualité, dans les pâturages de semis. Toutefois quand on fait pâturer de la luzerne trop jeune, on court le risque de pertes d'animaux dues au météorisme chez certaines espèces de ruminants, c'est pourquoi on conseille généralement d'inclure au moins 50 % de graminées dans les mélanges à pâturage. Deux décennies d'amélioration génétique ont abouti à la mise au commerce de AC Grazeland, un cultivar de luzerne moins météorisant. Des substances antimétéorisme comme les détergents pluroniques et les ionophores, peuvent avoir une certaine efficacité. La sélection de variétés de luzerne tolérantes à la pâture règle quelques-uns des problèmes liés au manque de longévité de la luzerne en peuplement mixte, mais elle n'apporte aucune solution au problème du météorisme. La productivité animale augmente généralement lorsque la luzerne est incluse dans les associations à pâturage. Une proportion d'aussi peu que 35 % de luzerne dans la prairie provoque des améliorations du taux de gain des bestiaux. La conduite du pâturage demeure le principal moyen de manipuler le rendement et la qualité de l'herbe, de même que les performances zootechniques et les risques de météorisme. Lorsque la conduite du pâturage est utilisée pour optimiser la production d'herbe et l'absorption d' éléments nutritifs, des bouvillons d'un an peuvent prendre jusqu'à 1,5 kg par jour et par animal avec une production en vif allant de 107 kg ha -1 en culture sèche et à 1 946 kg ha -...

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“…A major disadvantage of grazing cattle on alfalfa is its poor protein utilization (Broderick 1995;Yu et al 2004) and its tendency to cause pasture bloat Wang et al 2006b). Pasture bloat arises from rumen fermentation gases, which become trapped in a stable protein foam that prevents normal eructation of gas via the oesophagus by the animal (Cockrem et al 1987;Tanner et al 1995). Characteristic bloat-free legume forages like sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), sulla (Hedysarium coronarium), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), and big trefoil (Lotus pedunculatus) contain condensed tannin (CT), flavonoid polymers, which are also known as proanthocyanidin (Aerts et al 1999;Majak et al 1995;McMahon et al 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nutrient composition and degradation profiles of anthocyanidin-accumulating Lc-alfalfa populations

Jonker¹,

Gruber²,

McCaslin³

et al. 2010

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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P. 2010. Nutrient composition and degradation profiles of anthocyanidin-accumulating Lc-alfalfa populations. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 90: 401Á412. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most used forages in the world but suffers the disadvantage of having poor protein utilization by the animal. The poor protein utilization is the result of excessive ruminal protein degradation, which might be reduced by the protein precipitating capacity of anthocyanidin (AC) and condensed tannins (CT). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the Lc-transgene on survival, anthocyanidin, condensed tannin and chemical profiles in crossed populations of western Canadian-adapted Lc-alfalfa. These were compared with their nontransgenic (NT) parental varieties, Rangelander, Rambler, and Beaver. Lc-alfalfa forage accumulated enhanced amounts of anthocyanidin, with an average concentration of 197.4 mg g(1 DM, while condensed tannins were not detected. Both of these metabolites were absent in the NT parental varieties. Lc-alfalfa had a lower (24.8 vs. 27.3% DM; PB0.02) crude protein (CP) and higher (58.3 vs. 55.5% DM; P B0.01) carbohydrate (CHO) concentration, which resulted in their decreased (P B0.01) N:CHO ratio (68.1 vs. 79.2 g kg ) compared with NT alfalfa. Slowly degradable N:CHO ratio was decreased by 5.9 g kg (1 (P B0.03) and total rumen-degradable N:CHO ratio was decreased by 12.9 g kg (1 (PB0.03) in Lc-alfalfa compared with NT alfalfa. In conclusion, Lc-gene transformation resulted in the accumulation of anthocyanidin, decreased total protein content, increased total carbohydrate content and improved the balance between nitrogen and carbohydrates in the crossed transgenic populations of western Canadian-adapted alfalfa compared to their NT western Canadian parental alfalfa varieties. La luzerne (Medicago sativa L.) est une des plantes fourrage`res les plus utilise´es dans le monde, cependant elle souffre du fait que les animaux assimilent mal ses prote´ines. Cette pie`tre assimilation re´sulte de l'excessive de´gradation de ses prote´ines dans le rumen, une de´gradation que pourrait freiner le pouvoir de pre´cipitation des prote´ines de l'anthocyanidine et des tanins condense´s. L'e´tude devait pre´ciser les effets du transge`ne Lc sur la re´sistance des prote´ines et la concentration 6

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In vitrogas and foam production by rumen fluid from cows of genetically high or low susceptibility to pasture bloat

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannin) destabilise plant protein foams in a dose dependent manner

Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannin) destabilise plant protein foams in a dose dependent manner

Enhancing pasture productivity with alfalfa: A review

Nutrient composition and degradation profiles of anthocyanidin-accumulating Lc-alfalfa populations

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