<i>Rana Pipiens</i>: Health and Disease—How Little We Know

Gibbs, Erich L.

doi:10.1093/icb/13.1.93

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Studies have shown that artificial hibernation alters gut microbiota and is able to cause pathogen-induced disease, such as septicemia, due to the rise of pathogenic bacteria triggered by chilling to close to 4 °C [17, 19]. The effects on gut microbiota of the slower metabolism and nutrient turnover that are triggered by hibernation still lack a comprehensive analysis in amphibians.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More importantly, potentially pathogenic facultative bacteria in the intestine contribute to septicemia during hibernation. For example, facultative (preferentially aerobic but facultatively anaerobic) bacteria from the intestines of frogs have been investigated as a source of septicemia, often associated with chilling and hibernation [17, 19], which occasionally kills large numbers of frogs in the laboratory and in the wild [19, 20]. Carr et al [17] and Gibbs et al [19] also found that hibernation can alter the relative concentrations and proportions of facultative versus anaerobic bacteria, leading to disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, facultative (preferentially aerobic but facultatively anaerobic) bacteria from the intestines of frogs have been investigated as a source of septicemia, often associated with chilling and hibernation [17, 19], which occasionally kills large numbers of frogs in the laboratory and in the wild [19, 20]. Carr et al [17] and Gibbs et al [19] also found that hibernation can alter the relative concentrations and proportions of facultative versus anaerobic bacteria, leading to disease. Furthermore, indigenous anaerobic bacteria have been shown to control the colonization of facultative bacteria in the intestine of birds and mammals [21, 22], suggesting that species composition is positively correlated with ecosystem functioning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional analysis for gut microbes of the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) in artificial hibernation

2016

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BackgroundAnnual hibernation is an adaptation that helps many animals conserve energy during food shortage in winter. This natural cycle is also accompanied by a remodeling of the intestinal immune system, which is an aspect of host biology that is both influenced by, and can itself influence, the microbiota. In amphibians, the bacteria in the intestinal tract show a drop in bacterial counts. The proportion of pathogenic bacteria is greater in hibernating frogs than that found in nonhibernating frogs. This suggests that some intestinal gut microbes in amphibians can be maintained and may contribute to the functions in this closed ecosystem during hibernation. However, these results were derived from culture-based approaches that only covered a small portion of bacteria in the intestinal tract.MethodsIn this study, we use a more comprehensive analysis, including bacterial appearance and functional prediction, to reveal the global changes in gut microbiota during artificial hibernation via high-throughput sequencing technology.ResultsOur results suggest that artificial hibernation in the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) could reduce microbial diversity, and artificially hibernating frogs tend to harbor core operational taxonomic units that are rarely distributed among nonhibernating frogs. In addition, artificial hibernation increased significantly the relative abundance of the red-leg syndrome-related pathogenic genus Citrobacter. Furthermore, functional predictions via PICRUSt and Tax4Fun suggested that artificial hibernation has effects on metabolism, disease, signal transduction, bacterial infection, and primary immunodeficiency.ConclusionsWe infer that artificial hibernation may impose potential effects on primary immunodeficiency and increase the risk of bacterial infections in the brown tree frog.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3318-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional analysis for gut microbes of the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) in artificial hibernation

2016

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“…Under normal conditions, the animals remain clinically healthy but when stressed by crowding or unsanitary conditions, bacterial opportunists may overcome weakened immune barriers and cause disease. Previous clinical reports of diseased frogs have implicated Aeromonas hydrophila, 3 Citrobacter freundii, 3 Acinetobacter lwoffii, 4 Flavobacterium spp., 4,7 Pseudomonas spp., 4 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 3 Edwardsiella tarda, 5 Proteus spp., 4 and Alcaligenes faecalis 6 as potential pathogens.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…3 The importance of BVDV as a pathogen is indicated by the large number of vaccines (Ͼ140) that exist for the virus 17 and the announcement in recent years of BVDV eradication programs in some Euro- pean countries. 4 Whether controlled by vaccination or eradication (without vaccination), an important element in the control of BVDV is the identification and removal of persistently infected (PI) animals from infected herds.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Cultured Bullfrogs (Rana Castesbeiana)

et al. 2002

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Abstract.A commercial bullfrog (Rana castesbeiana) operation in south Georgia had multiple epizootics of systemic bacterial infections over a 3-year period, 1998-2000. A number of potential pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) meningosepticum, Chryseobacterium (Flavobacterium) indolgenes, Edwardsiella tarda, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas spp., and (Streptococcus iniae) were isolated from various tissues. Clinically, frogs demonstrated acute onset of torticolis, stupor, and indifference to stimuli. Cutaneous hyperemia, subcutaneous and muscular hemorrhage, and peripheral edema were consistent gross findings. Histologically, clusters of lymphocytes, monocytes, and occasional acidophiles with scattered granulomas occurred in liver, kidney, and spleen. This is the first report of S. inae and C. meningosepticum as potential disease agents in R. castesbeiana. These findings suggest that a variety of bacteria may be associated with redleg and that culture results must be obtained for accurate diagnosis. Domestic farming of frogs is a growing industry, as the demand for frogs increases for use as pets, food, experimental animals, and educational tools. Farming operations require that frogs be placed in confinement and, as with many other species, this often leads to an increased risk of disease and mass mortality. 4 A commercial frog operation in southern Georgia experienced sporadic epizootics of bacterial sepsis (redleg) between 1998 and 2000. At the facility, juvenile frogs are maintained in aquaria with a continuous (once through) water spray system. As young adults, frogs are transferred to outdoor ponds and maintained until transferred to surrounding ponds or sold commercially. Frogs in both aquaria and ponds are kept at very high animal densities that vary with season and commercial demand. The frogs are fed bulk pelleted ration produced on site.A total of 17 representative live frogs were submitted for necropsy on 6 separate occasions. Upon submission for necropsy, frogs were given a routine physical examination and then euthanized by transdermal exposure to 70% benzocaine followed by intraperitoneal 50% pentothal. A routine necropsy was performed and representative tissues were submitted for histopathology. Tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, processed routinely, and stained by hematoxylin and eosin, Gram, and Kinyoun's acid-fast methods.

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Studies of the development of frog hemopoietic tissue in vitro. I. Spleen culture assay of an erythropoietic factor in anemic frog blood

Carver

Meints

1977

J. Exp. Zool.

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A new in vitro technique has been described for demonstrating the presence of an erythropoietic factor in the circulating blood of frogs. The assay system consisted of MC33 medium, erythropoietically active spleen cells from Rana pipiens, and plasma or serum from frogs made anemic via phenylhydrazine or bleeding. The spleen cells, which remain erythropoietically active for up to nine days, were found to incorporate 59Fe, [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]leucine at a greater rate in the presence of plasma or serum from anemic versus normal frogs. The hormones triiodothyronine, prolactin, and erythropoietin were not effective in eliciting an hemopoietic response. The data presented suggest that the spleen from that adult frog is a major site of erythroid differentiation and maturation.

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Rana Pipiens: Health and Disease—How Little We Know

Cited by 29 publications

References 4 publications

Functional analysis for gut microbes of the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) in artificial hibernation

Functional analysis for gut microbes of the brown tree frog (Polypedates megacephalus) in artificial hibernation

Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Cultured Bullfrogs (Rana Castesbeiana)

Studies of the development of frog hemopoietic tissue in vitro. I. Spleen culture assay of an erythropoietic factor in anemic frog blood

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