Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i> Found in Chitterlings, Raw Milk and Swine Fecal Samples

Abstract

Foodborne illness is an escalating concern upon public health. The prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica was assessed in chitterlings, raw milk and swine fecal from North Carolina. Uncleaned thirty chitterling samples procured from a local grocery store, forty-five swine fecal samples, and forty unpasteurized cow milk samples supplied by the University farm were evaluated for the presence of Y. enterocolitica. Isolates identified as presumptive positive were characterized as colonies with a pink or deep-red center on MacConkey and CIN agar, and verified further through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of 16S rRNA gene for the Yersinia genera. Results showed that 4.4% swine fecal samples, 7.5% milk samples and 11.3% chitterling samples were presumptive positive for Y. enterocolitica by the direct plating method on selective agars. Of the thirty-chitterling samples examined by PCR for the 16S rRNA gene, 26% samples contained the identification gene for the bacteria of interest. After conducting virulence tests, the fecal samples were revealed as non-pathogenic. Only one of the milk samples were considered pathogenic and consisted of the following virulent genes: Yersinia heat-stable toxin (yst), invasion (inv), attachment invasion locus (ail), virulence regulon transcriptional activator (virF), Yersinia adehesin A (yadA), and the O:3 antigen gene (rfbC). Seven out of the eight (87.5%) chitterling samples were shown to be pathogenic. Disc diffusion was conducted to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Over half (55.5%) of the antimicrobial agents were found effective, with isolates being completely susceptible to ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, trimethoprim, cefotaxime, and gentamycin. Ampicillin was determined to be least effective, where 84.6% of the samples presented resistance to the drug. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and ERIC-PCR techniques were used to evaluate genetic similarity among the Yersinia isolates.

Phenotypic and genotypic studies on antibiotic resistant Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from milk and milk products in Kaliobia, Egypt

“…The colonial appearance (characteristic bull's eye appearance on CIN media) and the biochemical profile of Y. enterocolitica isolated was similar to those previously reported by Wanger (2007); Markey et al (2013) and FDA (2015) and Drake et al (2018). In addition, the biotyping tests for isolated Y. enterocolitica showed that, all of them were biotype 1A and biotype 1B only.…”

Inhibitory effect of some probiotic strains and essential oils on the growth of some foodborne pathogens

“…Then incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Characteristic colonies appeared as bull's eyes ( Drake et al , 2018 ).…”