Identification of Anthrax in Endemic Areas in South Sulawesi Province

Abstract

Anthrax is a strategic and important disease because it is a zoonotic disease which caused death and difficult to eradicate because it produces spores. The aim of the study was to identify anthrax in endemic areas in South Sulawesi Province. Soil samples obtained from Gowa and Pinrang regency were examined by bacterial culture test and then positive results from bacterial culture followed by multiplex PCR. Based on the results of the isolation of 52 soil samples show 35 samples from Pinrang regency show all negative anthrax, while from 17 soil samples from Gowa regency show 2 positive samples of anthrax. Positive samples of anthrax were from Timbuseng village, Patallasang district, Gowa regency. The results continued with PCR technique using Bacillus anthracis colonies derived from positive soil samples. It showed the virulent strain of Bacillus anthracis. A virulent strain is indicated by a DNA fragment of a pXO1 plasmid encoding a toxin lethal factor (Lef) of 385 bp and a DNA fragment of a pXO2 plasmid encoding a capsule of anthrax (Cap) of 264 bp and also common bacterial markers of the Bacillus genome chromosome (Ba183) of 152 bp.

Risk Factors of Anthrax Transmission in Pacitan Regency

“…Suspicion of anthrax spores in the soil in the area related to the anthrax incidence in 2016, the lack of public knowledge about handling animal carcasses that died suddenly in 2016 resulted in the possibility of spreading anthrax spores in the soil. In addition, Bacillus anthracis spores are resistant to extreme environmental conditions (16) and can survive in polluted soil, air, water, and plants for a long time (17). Moreover, these bacteria can form spores when the environment has sufficient oxygen levels.…”

Sosialisasi Bahaya Anthrax Sebagai Penyakit Global Pada Ternak di Desa Katumbangan Kecamatan Campalagian, Polewali Mandar

“…Di Indonesia penyakit ini sudah menyebar hampir ke seluruh wilayah dan hanya terdapat 8 provinsi yang bebas terhadap anthrax yaitu Aceh, Riau, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepuluan Riau, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Papua dan Papua Barat (Direktorat Kesehatan Hewan, 2016). Sehingga menyebabkan Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara endemis penyakit anthrax dan mengakibatkan kematian yang tinggi pada ternak serta menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi yang cukup besar (Abawi & Fibriana, 2019;Juwita, Purwanta, Muflihanah, & Djatmikowati, 2018).…”

Isolation and identification of avirulent strains of Bacillus anthracis from environmental samples in Central Java, Indonesia

“…Gene identification methodology started by extracting the bacteria's DNA as the template, in accordance with the Gram-positive bacterial extraction protocol using the Qiamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Bacteria were inactivated by heating at 95°C for 15 min, passed through a Nanosep MF (PAL) membrane, and centrifuged at 13.000× g for 3 min [17]. A total of 4 µL DNA template was amplified using multiplex PCR with the HotStar-Taq® Master Mix Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) to the chromosomal decoding gene (Ba813), plasmid decoding gene pXO1 (lef), plasmid decoding gene pXO2 (capC) with the primary sequences (Table -2), and programs just like those previously used [17,18].…”

“…Bacteria were inactivated by heating at 95°C for 15 min, passed through a Nanosep MF (PAL) membrane, and centrifuged at 13.000× g for 3 min [17]. A total of 4 µL DNA template was amplified using multiplex PCR with the HotStar-Taq® Master Mix Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) to the chromosomal decoding gene (Ba813), plasmid decoding gene pXO1 (lef), plasmid decoding gene pXO2 (capC) with the primary sequences (Table -2), and programs just like those previously used [17,18]. The PCR products were analyzed using a 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized with gel documentation (AlphaImager™, Alpha Innotech, USA) after staining with SYBR® safe DNA gel stain (Invitrogen, USA).…”