Abstract. Juwita S, Indrawati A, Damajanti R, Safika, Mayasari NLPI. 2021. Multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from dairy farms in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1015-1022. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important issue affecting human and animal health worldwide. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance and determine the virulence factors of S. aureus isolated from the dairy farms in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Thirty-one isolates of S. aureus were tested for sensitivity to 9 types of antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The analysis of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in S. aureus isolates was performed by the conventional PCR method. The results showed that S. aureus isolates from human samples were resistant to penicillin G (PEN) (86%), ampicillin (AMP) (86%), oxacillin (OXA) (14%), cefoxitin (FOX) (14%), tetracycline (TET) (43%) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (14%). Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the animal samples were resistant to penicillin G (PEN) (50%), ampicillin (AMP) (50%), tetracycline (TET) (15%), and erythromycin (5%). Meanwhile, S. aureus isolates from dangke were resistant to penicillin G (PEN) and ampicillin (AMP) (50% each). Antimicrobial resistance genes for blaTEM (83%), mecA (17%), and tetA (100%) were detected in S. aureus isolates from human samples, whereas those for blaTEM (90%) and tetA (100%) were detected in isolates from animal samples. Meanwhile, the genes for blaTEM (100%) were detected in isolates from dangke. A total of 19 S. aureus isolates harbored the virulence gene for fnbA (26%), clfA (58%), hla (58%), and tst (21%). The use of antibiotics in humans and animals needs to be implemented properly in local communities to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. The presence of the tst gene in raw milk is essential for consumer protection against the risk of toxic shock syndrome.

Anthrax is a strategic and important disease because it is a zoonotic disease which caused death and difficult to eradicate because it produces spores. The aim of the study was to identify anthrax in endemic areas in South Sulawesi Province. Soil samples obtained from Gowa and Pinrang regency were examined by bacterial culture test and then positive results from bacterial culture followed by multiplex PCR. Based on the results of the isolation of 52 soil samples show 35 samples from Pinrang regency show all negative anthrax, while from 17 soil samples from Gowa regency show 2 positive samples of anthrax. Positive samples of anthrax were from Timbuseng village, Patallasang district, Gowa regency. The results continued with PCR technique using Bacillus anthracis colonies derived from positive soil samples. It showed the virulent strain of Bacillus anthracis. A virulent strain is indicated by a DNA fragment of a pXO1 plasmid encoding a toxin lethal factor (Lef) of 385 bp and a DNA fragment of a pXO2 plasmid encoding a capsule of anthrax (Cap) of 264 bp and also common bacterial markers of the Bacillus genome chromosome (Ba183) of 152 bp.

One male and two female sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus), weighing 4.4, 5.1 and 4.6 kg was admitted to the Animal Health Center of the Gowa Agriculture Extension College. Upon physical examination auricular skin lesions, and erythematous and pruritic skin lesions, both on the ventral abdomen and on extremities were detected. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings taken from pinnae and hair plucked from the medial extremities region revealed the presence of Psoroptes sp. The ventral abdominal and extremitas localization of Psoroptes sp. was evaluated as an ectopic infestation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Psoroptes sp. in Sulawesi Bear Cuscus (Ailurops ursinus) in Indonesia. The Sulawesi bears cuscus were injected subcutaneously with ivermectin at 0.1 mg/kg of bodyweight, as well as with injected intramusculary a ADE combination to supportive therapy. Three Sulawesi Bears Cuscus became negative for mites after third treatments of ivermectin at seven days interval, and clinical mange did not recur.

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that causes several infectious diseases, including mastitis, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis, and poses a threat to human and animal health. This study aims to phenotypically and genetically identify S. aureus from the isolates collected from humans, animals, environment, and Dangke products in the dairy farms of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, as well as to establish a genetic relationship among the isolated S. aureus strains. Materials and Methods: The total number of samples was 142, comprising 30 humans (skin swab), 58 animals (raw milk), 14 dairy products (Dangke), and 40 environmental samples (water). S. aureus was phenotypically identified using the culture method, followed by Gram staining, catalase test, and coagulase test. Simultaneously, genotypic identification of S. aureus was performed using the conventional polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods. Sequencing data were analyzed using the MEGA X software by comparing BLAST National Center for Biotechnology Information databases. Results: The phenotypic methods revealed that 56/142 (39.4%) animal, human, and Dangke samples grew on culture, and 56/56 (100%) were Gram stain positive, 56/56 (100%) catalase-positive, and 23/56 (41.1%) coagulase positive. The genotypic method revealed that 32/56 (57.1%) samples amplified the nuc gene. The phylogenetic analysis of 12 isolates revealed that they are all closely related and do not belong to distinct clades. Conclusion: It indicates that S. aureus isolates from animals (S30) are probably the same strain as human isolates (H2, H3, H4, and H5). The findings of this study can be used as information regarding the importance of preventing and controlling diseases caused by S. aureus using a health approach involving the human, animal, and environmental sectors. This study was limited to the sequencing analysis of the nuc gene.

Abstract-The contamination of farm products by heavy metals can cause a health hazard for humans. The purpose of this study is to identify and to determine the amount of heavy metals content of lead (Pb) from the animal product (meat, liver, and skin) in cattle that grazing in the landfill of Tamangapa