Identification of Nitro Explosives by Direct Analysis in Real-Time Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Liu, Zhanfang; Xu, Bin; Sun, Zhuolun; Sun, Yuyou; Zhou, Hong; Zhu, Jiang; Xu, Jie; Duan, Xiaokun; Liu, Charles C.

doi:10.1080/00032719.2017.1282503

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…To detect explosives that pose threats to public security, Liu et al (2017) utilized DART‐TOF‐MS for the rapid identification of nitro compounds such as 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene, cyclotrimethylene trinitramine, and pentaerythritol tetranitrate, which are common ingredients in explosives. Black et al (2019) designed a simulated improvised explosive device with peroxide‐based homemade explosives as the explosive filler, recovering the postblast debris, and then collected the bomb fragments by swabs.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma‐based ambient mass spectrometry: Recent progress and applications

Yue

Zhao

et al. 2021

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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Ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has grown as a group of advanced analytical techniques that allow for the direct sampling and ionization of the analytes in different statuses from their native environment without or with minimum sample pretreatments. As a significant category of AMS, plasma-based AMS has gained a -• , CO 3 -• , NO 2 -• , and the most abundant species is O 2 -• (Cody & Dane, 2013). A review by Gross (Gross, 2014) explained the ionization mechanism in greater detail, and the typical ions generated in the DART source are shown in Table 2. Another

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Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma‐based ambient mass spectrometry: Recent progress and applications

Yue

Zhao

et al. 2021

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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“…It was proposed in 1996 that the ion may occur due to a reaction with a cyclic part of the structure . Liu et al confirmed using DART-MS that recombination of the fragment ion at m / z 102 [C 2 H 4 N 3 O 2 ] − forms an adduct with intact RDX to give the ion at m / z 324 [M + C 2 H 4 N 3 O 2 ] − . As shown in Figure , the increase in cone voltage leads to a decrease in the intensity of the adduct ions at m / z 324 and 268 and the fragment at m / z 129.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was proposed in 1996 that the ion may occur due to a reaction with a cyclic part of the structure. 66 67 As shown in Figure 4, the increase in cone voltage leads to a decrease in the intensity of the adduct ions at m/z 324 and 268 and the fragment at m/z129.…”

Section: Rdxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selectivity of Explosives Analysis with Ambient Ionization Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: Implications for Trace Detection

Mathias,

Amerio-Cox,

Jackson

et al. 2023

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Ambient ionization (AI) is a rapidly growing field in mass spectrometry (MS). It allows for the direct analysis of samples without any sample preparation, making it a promising technique for the detection of explosives. Previous studies have shown that AI can be used to detect a variety of explosives, but the exact gas-phase reactions that occur during ionization are not fully understood. This is further complicated by differences in mass spectrometers and individual experimental set ups between researchers. This study investigated the gas-phase ion reactions of five different explosives using a variety of AI techniques coupled to a Waters QDa mass spectrometer to identify selective ions for explosive detection and identification based on the applied ambient ionization technique. The results showed that the choice of the ion source can have a significant impact on the number of ions observed. This can affect the sensitivity and selectivity of the data produced. The findings of this study provide new insights into the gas-phase ion reactions of explosives and could lead to the development of more sensitive and selective AI-based methods for their detection.

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“…Due to environmental, criminological, and security needs, the development of selective and sensitive methods for the determination of TNT and tetryl is an analytical challenge for building a safe society and a green environment. Up to now, numerous analytical methods with different working principles have been devised for TNT and/or tetryl detection in environmental samples (e.g., soil and groundwater) using conventional techniques such as colorimetry, − fluorometry, − electrochemistry, − and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy − , as well as separation/detection techniques such as chromatography, − ion mobility spectrometry, and mass spectrometry . In addition, paper-based sensors, which have recently gained considerable attention for on-site detection, have also been used for the identification of nitroaromatic compounds. , …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up to now, numerous analytical methods with different working principles have been devised for TNT and/or tetryl detection in environmental samples (e.g., soil and groundwater) using conventional techniques such as colorimetry, 11−13 fluorometry, 14−17 electrochemistry, 18−20 and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [6][7][8]21 as well as separation/detection techniques such as chromatography, 22−24 ion mobility spectrometry, 25 mass spectrometry. 26 In addition, paper-based sensors, which have recently gained considerable attention for on-site detection, 27 have also been used for the identification of nitroaromatic compounds. 28,29 Noble metal nanoparticles which can be prepared by different approaches (physical, chemical, and green synthesis), 30 especially gold (Au) and silver (Ag), can exhibit unique and tunable optical properties depending on their physical properties such as shape and size, owing to their surface plasmon resonance (SPR) behavior.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diaminocyclohexane-Functionalized/Thioglycolic Acid-Modified Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensing of Trinitrotoluene and Tetryl

et al. 2018

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Detection of explosive residues in soil and postblast debris is an important issue in sensor design for environmental and criminological purposes. An easy-to-use and low-cost gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based colorimetric sensor was developed for the determination of nitroaromatic explosives, i.e., trinitrotoluene (TNT) and tetryl, capable of analyte detection at picomolar (pM) levels. The sensor nanoparticles were synthesized by functionalizing the negatively charged thioglycolic acid (TGA)-modified AuNPs with positively charged (±)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) at a carefully calculated pH. The working principle of the sensor is charge-transfer (CT) interaction between the electron-rich free amino (−NH 2 ) group of DACH and the electron-deficient −NO 2 groups of TNT/tetryl, added to possible nanoparticle agglomerization via electrostatic interaction of TNT-Meisenheimer anions with more than one cationic DACH-modified AuNP. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the sensor were 1.76 pM and 5.87 pM for TNT and 1.74 pM and 5.80 pM for tetryl, respectively. TNT, tetryl, and tetrytol, extracted from a nitroaromatic explosive-contaminated soil sample, were determined with the proposed sensor, yielding good recoveries. The sensor could be selectively applied to various mixtures of TNT with common energetic materials such as RDX, HMX, and PETN. Additionally, common soil ions (Cl − , NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , and Al 3+ ) as well as detergents, sugar, sweeteners, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), caffeine, and paracetamol-based painkiller drugs, which may be used as camouflage materials for explosives, either had no adverse effects or removable interferences on the detection method. The developed method was statistically validated against a GC−MS literature method.

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Identification of Nitro Explosives by Direct Analysis in Real-Time Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Plasma‐based ambient mass spectrometry: Recent progress and applications

Plasma‐based ambient mass spectrometry: Recent progress and applications

Selectivity of Explosives Analysis with Ambient Ionization Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: Implications for Trace Detection

Diaminocyclohexane-Functionalized/Thioglycolic Acid-Modified Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensing of Trinitrotoluene and Tetryl

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