Identification of Promising Remediation Technologies for Iodine in the UP-1 Operable Unit

Strickland, Christopher E.; Johnson, Christian D.; Lee, Brady D.; Qafoku, Nikolla P.; Szecsody, James E.; Truex, Michael J.; Vermeul, Vincent R.

doi:10.2172/1418096

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(127 reference statements)

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“…Iodate (IO 3 – ) and iodide (I – ) are the two predominant aqueous inorganic I species in natural environments. These species cannot be degraded or transformed to a less toxic form, and therefore, remedial strategies are required to decrease aqueous concentrations below the drinking water standard (i.e., 1 pCi/L). , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These species cannot be degraded or transformed to a less toxic form, and therefore, remedial strategies are required to decrease aqueous concentrations below the drinking water standard (i.e., 1 pCi/ L). 1,2 Past studies have demonstrated limited adsorption of IO 3 − and I − on sediments, especially in a subsurface environment low in organic matter. 3,4 Enhanced adsorption onto highaffinity sorbents may be a promising pathway to immobilize 129 I and reduce risks to human health and the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time-Dependent Iodate and Iodide Adsorption to Fe Oxides

Wang

Qafoku

Szecsody

et al. 2019

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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Aqueous iodine removal via adsorption onto Fe oxides could provide an efficient remedial pathway for the vadose zone and groundwater contamination. We conducted a series of macroscopic batch experiments to determine the extent of the time-dependent iodate (IO 3 − ) and iodide (I − ) adsorption onto four Fe oxides (i.e., ferrihydrite, goethite, magnetite, and hematite) at different pH values and solution ionic strengths (IS). The results showed that the IO 3 − adsorption extent [in terms of the average distribution coefficient (K d ) after 2 days of reacting time] followed the order: ferrihydrite (927.5 mL/g) > goethite (84.9 mL/g) > magnetite (23.8 mL/g) > hematite (9.5 mL/g). However, the range of specific surface area (SSA)-normalized K d values was narrow (2−4.6 mL/m 2 ), suggesting SSA control over the adsorption extent. The adsorption extent was correlated negatively with both pH and IS, implying IO 3 − outer-sphere adsorption. The adsorption extent increased or decreased with time (up to ∼48%) after 200 days, at relatively high or low I concentration ranges, respectively, likely because of multiple geochemical reactions, including interparticle diffusion, mineral transformation, and I speciation changes. I − adsorption was insignificant for all Fe oxides. Because of its large SSA, ferrihydrite could be efficient at removing aqueous iodate, potentially decreasing the time of groundwater plume spreading.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Dependent Iodate and Iodide Adsorption to Fe Oxides

Wang

Qafoku

Szecsody

et al. 2019

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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“…Several material types have been identified that could serve as amendments. In addition, Strickland et al (2017) have reviewed amendments that could be applicable to the Hanford subsurface. Specific promising amendments include:  Iron based minerals: Naturally occurring iron minerals and artificially added iron (e.g., zero valent iron [ZVI], a corroding steel container) can provide iron oxides within the backfill.…”

Section: Lines 21 22 and 24 -Amend Idf Backfill With Sorbentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Technologies for Enhancing Grout for Immobilizing Hanford Supplemental Low-Activity Waste (SLAW)

Skeen

Langston

McCabe

et al. 2020

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An expert panel consisting of the document authors was assembled by Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC (WRPS) and tasked with (1) identifying technical and regulatory limitations to treating and disposing of grouted low-activity waste (LAW), and (2) with identifying and evaluating a wide range of technical solutions to these limitations. The analysis included technologies to allow inventory management and/or improve retention of iodine, technetium, and nitrate either in the waste packages, or within the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF), and, technologies to ensure regulated organics are below Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) Land Disposal Restriction (LDR) levels.The expert panel completed their analysis in three distinct phases. In Phase I, the team reviewed the chemical and physical characteristics of the most recent projected supplemental LAW (SLAW) feed vector along with disposal site waste acceptance criteria and the fiscal year 2019 results from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory that identified the level of improvement that would be needed to meet onsite disposal requirements in the IDF (Asmussen et al. 2019a). The two regulatory constraints targeted for technology solutions by the expert panel were (1) current estimates based on performance assessment fate-andtransport modeling indicate that if the entire quantity of LAW currently designated for supplemental treatment were solidified as a cementitious material, nitrate, 99-Tc, and 129-I could exceed groundwater standards after DOE's time of compliance (1,000 years) but within 10,000 years after IDF closure and (2) LAW may contain RCRA LDR organics at levels that require removal to meet LDR concentration-based limits. It should also be noted that the first issue is only applicable to on-site disposal, not offsite at WCS and is based on calculations that assume either a low-performing grout is used, or high-performance grout does not maintain its performance (SRNL-RP-2018-00687). Asmussen et al. (2019a) estimated that the inventory of grouted SLAW could meet IDF groundwater requirements if the release rate of nitrate, 99-Tc, and 129-I were reduced by a factor of approximately 3.2, 10, and 32, respectively versus baseline formulation performance.In Phase II, an extensive list of technologies and engineering approaches was identified and subjected to an initial assessment by the group. Current knowledge associated with technology maturation needs and constraints to implementation at Hanford were recorded in 13 distinct categories. In the final phase of the process (Phase III), the expert panel selected 7 of the 13 categories for qualitative rating and a series of meetings were held between the expert panel to discuss and rate each technology in each category. All ratings were developed by consensus. After the qualitative rating was complete, a numerical scoring criterion for each category was applied and a composite score for the individual technologies was calculated. An uncertainty score was also developed for each technolo...

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“…[18][19] Apart from volatile iodine in air, water soluble forms of radioactive iodine in waste water has also attracted much attention. [20] Typically, the vapor phase of iodine consists of molecular iodine (I 2 ). However, current research has indicated that iodide (I À ) and triiodide anions (I 3 À ) are also present in the vapor phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxy‐Functionalized Hypercrosslinked Polymers (HCPs) as Dual Phase Radioactive Iodine Scavengers: Synergy of Porosity and Functionality

et al. 2022

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Large-scale nuclear power plant production of iodine radionuclides ( 129 I, 131 I) pose huge threat in the events of nuclear disaster. Effective removal of radioiodine from nuclear waste is one of the most critical challenge because of the drawbacks of state-of-the-art adsorbents such as high cost, low uptake capacity and non-recyclability. Herein, two hydroxy-functionalized (-OH) hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs), namely HCP-91 and HCP-92, have been synthesized and employed towards capture of iodine. High chemical stability along with synergistic harmony of high porosity and functionality of these materials makes them suitable candidates for capture of iodine from both vapor phase and water medium. Moreover, both the HCPs showed superior iodine removal performance from water in terms of fast kinetics and high removal efficiency (2.9 g g À 1 and 2.49 g g À 1 for HCP-91 and HCP-92 respectively). The role of functionality (-OH groups) and porosity has been established with the help of HCP-91, HCP-92 and non-functionalized biphenyl HCP for the efficient capture of I 3 ̄ions from water. In addition, both HCPs exhibited excellent selectivity and recyclability towards triiodide ions, rendering the potential of these materials towards real-time applications. Lastly, Density functional theoretical studies revealed key insights and corroborate well with the experimental findings.

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Identification of Promising Remediation Technologies for Iodine in the UP-1 Operable Unit

Cited by 5 publications

References 104 publications

Time-Dependent Iodate and Iodide Adsorption to Fe Oxides

Time-Dependent Iodate and Iodide Adsorption to Fe Oxides

Evaluation of Technologies for Enhancing Grout for Immobilizing Hanford Supplemental Low-Activity Waste (SLAW)

Hydroxy‐Functionalized Hypercrosslinked Polymers (HCPs) as Dual Phase Radioactive Iodine Scavengers: Synergy of Porosity and Functionality

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