Identification of the &lt;i&gt;glutathione&lt;/i&gt; S-&lt;i&gt;transferase&lt;/i&gt; gene responsible for flower color intensity in carnations

Sasaki, Nobuhiro; Nishizaki, Yuzo; Uchida, Yasuhiro; Wakamatsu, Eigo; Umemoto, Naoyuki; Momose, Masaki; Okamura, Masachika; Yoshida, Hiroyuki; Yamaguchi, Masa‐atsu; Nakayama, Masayoshi; Ozeki, Yoshihiro; Itoh, Yoshio

doi:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.12.0120a

Cited by 46 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Indeed, there were no substantial differences in expression of the structural genes between the EFP and efp-1 flowers (Figure 4), indicating that EFP does not contribute to efficient anthocyanin production through transcriptional regulation. Moreover, mutants affecting the transport of anthocyanins into the vacuole in maize (Zea mays) and carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) showed the reduced pigmentation associated with a significant reduction in anthocyanin content without alterations in the composition of anthocyanins with various chemical structures (Goodman et al, 2004;Sasaki et al, 2012). The features of these mutants with no alterations in their anthocyanin compositions clearly differ from those of the efp mutants described here ( Figure S3), suggesting that EFP is unlikely to be involved in anthocyanin transport into the vacuole.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A chalcone isomerase‐like protein enhances flavonoid production and flower pigmentation

et al. 2014

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SUMMARYFlavonoids are major pigments in plants, and their biosynthetic pathway is one of the best-studied metabolic pathways. Here we have identified three mutations within a gene that result in pale-colored flowers in the Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil). As the mutations lead to a reduction of the colorless flavonoid compound flavonol as well as of anthocyanins in the flower petal, the identified gene was designated enhancer of flavonoid production (EFP). EFP encodes a chalcone isomerase (CHI)-related protein classified as a type IV CHI protein. CHI is the second committed enzyme of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, but type IV CHI proteins are thought to lack CHI enzymatic activity, and their functions remain unknown. The spatio-temporal expression of EFP and structural genes encoding enzymes that produce flavonoids is very similar. Expression of both EFP and the structural genes is coordinately promoted by genes encoding R2R3-MYB and WD40 family proteins. The EFP gene is widely distributed in land plants, and RNAi knockdown mutants of the EFP homologs in petunia (Petunia hybrida) and torenia (Torenia hybrida) had pale-colored flowers and low amounts of anthocyanins. The flavonol and flavone contents in the knockdown petunia and torenia flowers, respectively, were also significantly decreased, suggesting that the EFP protein contributes in early step(s) of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway to ensure production of flavonoid compounds. From these results, we conclude that EFP is an enhancer of flavonoid production and flower pigmentation, and its function is conserved among diverse land plant species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A chalcone isomerase‐like protein enhances flavonoid production and flower pigmentation

et al. 2014

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“…Molecular functional analysis demonstrated that one of the four candidates functioned to accumulate anthocyanins in vivo (Kitamura et al 2012). In carnation, a mutant of an anthocyanin-related GST accumulated fewer anthocyanins in petals, resulting in paler owers, than the original plant (Sasaki et al (2012) in this issue). Screening of mutants for the anthocyanin-related GST gene would help to develop new fragrant cyclamen cultivars with paler owers.…”

Section: Glutathione S-transferase In C Purpurascensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an efficient mutagenesis technique using ion beams: Toward more controlled mutation breeding

Hase

Akita

Kitamura

et al. 2012

Plant Biotechnology

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Ion beams have been used as a mutagen to improve the e ciency of plant mutation breeding. Mutation breeding is sometimes perceived as a random process. In this review, we describe our recent progress in developing a more e cient mutagenesis technique using ion beam irradiation combined with sucrose pretreatment or subsequent reirradiation. To shorten the time required for breeding new cultivars of cyclamen, we identi ed anthocyanin biosynthesis genes and examined the e ectiveness of PCR screening of irradiated deletion-mutant candidates at early growth stages. We believe this research is a step toward more e cient and controlled mutation breeding using ion beams. Key words:Anthocyanin, Cyclamen, ower color, ion beam, mutation breeding.Mutation breeding has provided significant benefits to agriculture. More than 3,000 mutant crop varieties have been produced over the past 60 years (Mutant Variety Database, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme). Most of those varieties were created using ionizing radiation, chiefly gamma-rays. High-energy ion beams that are generated by accelerators have been shown to have greater biological e ects than gamma-rays. Increasing evidence suggests that ion beams efficiently induce mutations . us, mutation breeding using ion beams is an e ective means of generating new plant varieties. However, mutation breeding is sometimes regarded as random, and whether the desired mutant traits can be obtained in the plant material of interest is, in fact, o en uncertain. Mutability varies, even between varieties of the same plant species. We carried out this research project to make mutation breeding a more e cient and controlled technique.We believe that there are three factors important to the success of mutation breeding: the e ciency of mutagenesis, the starting plant material, and mutant screening. e e ciency of mutagenesis is determined by the probability of obtaining the desired mutant traits. e frequency with which desired mutants appear is generally very low. More e cient techniques to induce desired mutations will greatly bene t mutation breeding. e starting plant material is important because the genetic background of the parent plant generally defines the range of mutant traits that can be obtained. Identi cation of the genes associated with valuable traits would help in understanding the genetic background and choosing suitable starting material. Finally, the e ciency of mutant screening has a great impact on the cost of mutation breeding, especially in species, such as cyclamen, that require long periods before the mutant traits can be evaluated.e ability to screen candidate mutants at an early growth stage based on genetic information associated with the desired traits would be highly advantageous.is review summarizes our recent work to improve these three important factors in mutation breeding. We describe the development of an e cient mutagenesis technique using ion beam irradiation combined with pretreatment or subsequent re-irradiation. We analyzed flower-color mutants of cyclamen t...

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“…Larsen et al (2003) suggested that the mutation of glutathione S-transferase (GST), which is involved in the transportation of anthocyanins to the vacuole, is responsible for the pale anthocyanin coloration in carnation. Using the results of genome analysis of a mutable flower line bearing deep pink sectors on pale pink petals, Sasaki et al (2012) determined that DcGSTF2 encoding GST-like protein in carnation is responsible for flower color intensity in carnation. The QTL for anthocyanin content may be related to such genes regulating the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway or encoding GST.…”

Section: Mapping Of Flower Color and Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Genomic Analysis of Ornamental Plants, with a Focus on Carnation

Yagi

2015

The Hortic J

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Genomic analysis and marker-assisted selection have long been familiar terms. Nevertheless, compared with that on other horticultural crops, genome-related research on ornamentals has been delayed because of the polyploid nature and/or highly heterozygous genetic background of many such species. With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology in recent years, however, the situation is changing. The acquisition of comprehensive transcriptome sequences using NGS technology has been conducted in major ornamentals, and whole-genome sequences have been generated for carnation. This review discusses recent progress in the genomic analysis of carnation, including the construction of an SSR-based reference genetic linkage map, QTL analysis of carnation bacterial wilt (CBW) resistance, and the development of tightly linked markers for CBW resistance and flower type. The current state of NGS technology-based genomic research is also summarized for other major ornamentals.

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Identification of the <i>glutathione</i> S-<i>transferase</i> gene responsible for flower color intensity in carnations

Cited by 46 publications

References 18 publications

A chalcone isomerase‐like protein enhances flavonoid production and flower pigmentation

A chalcone isomerase‐like protein enhances flavonoid production and flower pigmentation

Development of an efficient mutagenesis technique using ion beams: Toward more controlled mutation breeding

Recent Progress in Genomic Analysis of Ornamental Plants, with a Focus on Carnation

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