Abstract. Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells in the pregnant uterus are known to be associated with the normal development of the placenta. In the mouse pregnant uterus, many uNK cells exist during mid pregnancy, although they show a sudden decrease during late pregnancy and almost disappear before delivery. Our previous study indicated that uNK cells showed clear apoptotic morphology during late pregnancy. Therefore, the present study was carried out to define the involvement of Fas ligand (FasL) and Fas in apoptosis induction of uNK cells. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that uNK cells expressed FasL in the cytoplasmic granules and Fas on the cell membrane during late pregnancy. In lpr/lpr mice, which genetically lack Fas, many uNK cells were clearly observed during late pregnancy compared with wild-type mice, and moreover uNK cells still existed at day-18 of pregnancy, although there were few in wild-type mice during the same period. In the experiment of in vitro culture, uNK cells derived from wild-type placenta showed chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation frequently following the anti-Fas antibody treatment, as compared with the control. From these results, it is suggested that FasL and Fas-dependent apoptosis regulates cell appearance of uNK cells in the mouse pregnant uterus. Key words: Apoptosis, Fas, Fas ligand, lpr/lpr mice, Uterine natural killer (uNK) cell (J. Reprod. Dev. 51: [333][334][335][336][337][338][339][340] 2005) he apoptosis induction system that depends on Fas ligand (FasL) and Fas has an essential role in the process of negative selection against the autoreactive T cells [1,2]. MRL-lpr/lpr mice, a model of human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and genetically lacking Fas, show symptoms of autoimmune disease caused by a deficiency of the exclusion system for autoreactive T cells [3]. Endogenous expressions of FasL and Fas were detected in normal mouse uteri and their apoptosis e f f e c t s w e r e s u g g e s t e d t o c o n t r i b u t e t o physiological cell turnover and immune privilege [4]. In human placenta, FasL production from the syncytiotrophoblast is considered to induce apoptosis in maternal aggressive lymphocytes [5].In murine placenta, large granular lymphocytes exist as a major population in the metrial gland and decidua basalis regions [6]. The metrial gland region is formed within the mesometrial triangle after destruction of the circular smooth muscle of the uterine wall, and develops during mid-late pregnancy with the prominent appearance of large granular lymphocytes [6]. The phenotypes of the surface antigens on the large granular lymphocytes are the Ly49G2, NK1.1 and asialo-GM1 that belong on natural killer (NK) cells, and the cytoplasmic granules contain pore forming protein (perforin) and granzyme B [7]. Usually, uterine NK (uNK) cells appear in the decidua basalis of mouse