Ignored visual context does not induce latent learning

Vadillo, Miguel A.; Giménez‐Fernández, Tamara; Aivar, M. Pilar; Cubillas, Carmelo P.

doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01722-x

Cited by 12 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Applied to the current work, the learning of the task-irrelevant context could not be blocked under fast presentation because attention was directed to both the task-relevant and -irrelevant contexts. Moreover, these results are also with the suggestion by Vadillo et al (2020) that previous studies underestimated the importance of selective attention in contextual cueing (Jiang and Chun, 2001;Jiang and Leung, 2005). For instance, it demonstrates that attentional selection is important for contextual learning; however, task requirements determine which level of perceptual learning can be achieved.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Jiang and Leung (2005) concluded that the expression of learned contextual regularities requires selective attention, while the build-up of these memories (i.e., contextual learning) does not. However, this idea was further developed by Vadillo et al (2020) when they reevaluated the role of selective attention in contextual cueing. The study employed a similar design to Jiang and Leung (2005) with a larger sample size and showed that no latent learning would be possible without selective attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Task-Irrelevant Context Learned Under Rapid Display Presentation: Selective Attention in Associative Blocking

Zang

Assumpção

et al. 2021

Front. Psychol.

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In the contextual cueing task, visual search is faster for targets embedded in invariant displays compared to targets found in variant displays. However, it has been repeatedly shown that participants do not learn repeated contexts when these are irrelevant to the task. One potential explanation lays in the idea of associative blocking, where salient cues (task-relevant old items) block the learning of invariant associations in the task-irrelevant subset of items. An alternative explanation is that the associative blocking rather hinders the allocation of attention to task-irrelevant subsets, but not the learning per se. The current work examined these two explanations. In two experiments, participants performed a visual search task under a rapid presentation condition (300 ms) in Experiment 1, or under a longer presentation condition (2,500 ms) in Experiment 2. In both experiments, the search items within both old and new displays were presented in two colors which defined the irrelevant and task-relevant items within each display. The participants were asked to search for the target in the relevant subset in the learning phase. In the transfer phase, the instructions were reversed and task-irrelevant items became task-relevant (and vice versa). In line with previous studies, the search of task-irrelevant subsets resulted in no cueing effect post-transfer in the longer presentation condition; however, a reliable cueing effect was generated by task-irrelevant subsets learned under the rapid presentation. These results demonstrate that under rapid display presentation, global attentional selection leads to global context learning. However, under a longer display presentation, global attention is blocked, leading to the exclusive learning of invariant relevant items in the learning session.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Task-Irrelevant Context Learned Under Rapid Display Presentation: Selective Attention in Associative Blocking

Zang

Assumpção

et al. 2021

Front. Psychol.

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“…Vadillo, Konstantinidis, and Shanks (2016) showed that participants are aware of the repeated displays when sufficiently sensitive measures of awareness are used in high-powered experiments. Travis, Mattingley, and Dux (2013) and Vadillo, Giménez-Fernández, Aivar, and Cubillas (2020) found that contextual cuing is not completely independent of working memory or selective attention. Finally, Luque, Vadillo, López, Alonso, and Shanks (2017) showed that contextual cuing is flexible and can be modified in a goal-directed way when participants are instructed to search for another target.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic cuing of visual search: Neither implicit nor inflexible.

Giménez‐Fernández¹,

Luque²,

Shanks

et al. 2020

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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In probabilistic cuing of visual search, participants search for a target object that appears more frequently in one region of the display. This task results in a search bias towards the rich quadrant compared with other quadrants. Previous research suggests that this bias is inflexible (difficult to unlearn) and implicit (participants are unaware of the biased distribution of targets). We tested these hypotheses in two preregistered, high-powered experiments (Ns = 160 and 162). In an initial biased stage, participants performed a standard probabilistic cuing task. In a subsequent unbiased stage, the target appeared in all quadrants with equal probability. Awareness questions were included after the biased stage in one group of participants, and after the unbiased stage in a second group. Results showed that participants were aware of the rich area and this effect was larger for the group whose awareness was assessed after the biased stage. In addition, analyses of visual search times indicated that the search bias towards the rich area (formed during the biased stage) was reduced during the unbiased stage. These results cast doubts on the characterization of probabilistic cuing as an implicit and inflexible 'search habit'.

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“…The novel context on the other hand was used as a control condition, in which distractor locations were determined randomly in every trial and their spatial locations could not predict the target location. It has been widely shown that search speed in the repeated context is faster than novel context (e.g., Chun andJiang, 1998, 1999;Zheng and Pollmann, 2019;Vadillo et al, 2020b), leading to the suggestions that participants, through repeated encounters of old displays, form some incidental memory about the invariant spatial target-distractor relations in these displays, with this spatial context memory subsequently guiding selective attention more effectively towards the target location. Chun and Phelps (1999) proposed that context memory stores spatial/configural or more general relational information, independent of whether or not this information is acquired implicitly or explicitly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextual Cueing Effect Under Rapid Presentation

Xie

Chen²,

Zang

2020

Front. Psychol.

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In contextual cueing, previously encountered context tends to facilitate the detection of the target embedded in it than when the target appears in a novel context. In this study, we investigated whether the contextual cueing could develop at early time when the search display was presented briefly. In four experiments, participants searched for a target T in an array of distractor Ls. The results showed that with a rather short presentation time of the search display, participants were able to learn the spatial context and speeded up their response time overall, with the learning effect lasting for a long period. Specifically, the contextual cueing effect was observed either with or without a mask after a duration of 300-ms presentation of the search display. Such a context learning under rapid presentation could not operate only with the local context information repeated, thus suggesting that a global context was required to guide spatial attention when the viewing time of the search display was limited. Overall, these findings indicate that contextual cueing might arise at an “early,” target selection stage and that the global context is necessary for the context learning under rapid presentation to function.

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Ignored visual context does not induce latent learning

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Task-Irrelevant Context Learned Under Rapid Display Presentation: Selective Attention in Associative Blocking

Task-Irrelevant Context Learned Under Rapid Display Presentation: Selective Attention in Associative Blocking

Probabilistic cuing of visual search: Neither implicit nor inflexible.

Contextual Cueing Effect Under Rapid Presentation

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