Poverty, International Migration and Asylum 2005
DOI: 10.1057/9780230522534_7
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Illegal Immigration, Human Trafficking and Organized Crime

Abstract: It is important to make a careful distinction between illegal immigration, human smuggling, and human trafficking which are nested, but yet different concepts. This distinction is relevant because these different categories of the illegal movement of people across borders have quite different legal and political consequences. Human smuggling and trafficking have become a world-wide industry that 'employs' every year millions of people and leads to the annual turnover of billions of dollars. Many of the routes … Show more

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Cited by 35 publications
(34 citation statements)
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References 15 publications
(4 reference statements)
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“…Start-up costs are small and as Väyrynen (2005) harshly puts it, ''people are a good commodity as they do not easily perish, but they can be transported over long distances and can be reused and re-sold". Moreover, the risks of detection, prosecution or arrest are much lower compared to other fields of illegal activity such as drug or arms trade.…”
Section: Determinants Of Human Traffickingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Start-up costs are small and as Väyrynen (2005) harshly puts it, ''people are a good commodity as they do not easily perish, but they can be transported over long distances and can be reused and re-sold". Moreover, the risks of detection, prosecution or arrest are much lower compared to other fields of illegal activity such as drug or arms trade.…”
Section: Determinants Of Human Traffickingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Bilger, et al, 2006;Neske, 2006;Väyrynen, 2003) that have found that smuggling often depends on a network rather than any one individual. While most of the literature tends to refer rather vaguely to 'smugglers' or 'agents', this article has uncovered the network of intermediaries involved and the nature of their relations with one another.…”
Section: Migrant Smuggling As a Businessmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For a number of reasons, it has been suggested not to be an effective remedy to migrant smuggling. Some commentators have suggested that far from stemming migrant smuggling, for example, more stringent border controls can have the unintended consequence of increasing migrant smuggling, as people turn to illicit means to cross borders The more closed borders are, it is suggested, the greater the role played by smuggling networks and organized crime (Väyrynen, 2003). A second and particular concern that has been forwarded by refugee advocates is that refugees applying for asylum in the industrialized world are often transported there by smugglers, and that to stem smuggling runs the risk of reducing access for them to asylum systems (e.g.…”
Section: Policy Implicationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Clearly, definitions of human trafficking and human smuggling overlap to some degree. In order to explicitly identify and separate human trafficking from illegal immigration and human smuggling, a clear delineation is given by a nested concept suggested by Väyrynen (2005). According to him, "illegal migration, smuggling and trafficking are nested concepts" with a shared "illegal character of the entry to a country" (ibid, p. 4).…”
Section: Definition and Distributionmentioning
confidence: 99%